Long-Term Exchange

The freshwater balance of the Baltic Sea drives an estuarine circulation that determines the basic properties of the hydrography and the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea on a longer timescale. 

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Hamer, T. Mackay, D. Jones, K.C., Model of the long-term exchange of PCBs between soil and the atmosphere in the southern U.K. Environ. Sci. Technoi. 1995, 29, 1200-1209. 

As the measurements show, the small heater without an electrical separation (from the boiler) is not detrimental to cathodic protection. However, with the uninsulated built-in Cu heat exchanger without an electrical separation, cathodic protection was not achieved. As expected, the polarization increased with increasing conductivity of the water. It should be pointed out that the Cu tube was tinned and that the tin could act as a weak cathodic component. Apart from the unknown long-term stability of such a coating, the apparent raising of the cathodic polarization resistance of tin is not sufficient to provide cathodic protection with such a large fixture. This applies also to other metal coatings (e.g., nickel). 

Figure 17.7 Electrocatalysis of O2 reduction by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase on a 2-aminoanthracene-modified pyrolytic graphite edge (PGE) electrode and an unmodified PGE electrode at 25 °C in sodium citrate buffer (200 mM, pH 4). Red curves were recorded immediately after spotting laccase solution onto the electrode, while black curves were recorded after exchanging the electrochemical cell solution for enzyme-fiiee buffer solution. Insets show the long-term percentage change in limiting current (at 0.44 V vs. SHE) for electrocatalytic O2 reduction by laccase on an unmodified PGE electrode ( ) or a 2-aminoanthracene modified electrode ( ) after storage at 4 °C, and a cartoon representation of the probable route for electron transfer through the anthracene (shown in blue) to the blue Cu center of laccase. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry fi om Blanford et al., 2007. (See color insert.)...

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