Local settlement

Stress considerations must be considered for side slopes and the bottom of a landfill. For side slopes, self-weight (the weight of the membrane itself) and waste settlement must be considered for the bottom of the facility, localized settlement and normal compression must be considered. 

It is assumed that local settlement of the subsoil will lead to free spans of the concrete mattress. Then, the wave impact can cause the breaking of these spans, if the ratio of Hg/D is too large for a certain span length. A calculation method is derived on the basis of an empirical formula for the maximum wave impact pressure and the theory of simply supported beams. The collapsing of small spans (less than 1 or 2 m) is not acceptable, since these will lead to too many cracks. 

Kaiser, T. (2006) Between a Camp and a Hard Place Rights, Livelihood and Experiences of the Local Settlement System for Long-Term Refugees in Uganda. The Journal of Modern African Studies 44(4) 597-621. 

Kibreab, G. (1989) Local Settlements in Africa A Misconceived Option Journal of Refugee Studies 2(4) 468-90. 

Crisp, J. (2004) The Local Integration and Local Settlement of Refugees A Conceptual and Historical Analysis. New Issues in Refugee Research. UNHCR Working Paper No. 102. 

One of the major objectives of local settlement in the two regions is to prevent integration contrary to the spirit and letter of the Statute and the 1951 UN Convention. Integration is a fiinction of social and economic interactions between refugees and host populations, and yet camp- and setflement-based refiigees and asylum seekers lack fieedom of movement and residence and therefore caimot interact with host populations. In efiect, freedom of movement is a sine qua non for the enjoyment of other rights, such as education, employment, self-employment and choice of residence. 

If you talk of integration as a sort of naturalization, this is completely rejected in Sudan...Being a refugee in a country for 20, 30 or 100 years, I don t think will deprive you of your own nationality, your own origin...That is why in Sudan you hear...this policy of local settlement, rather than local integration... 

As such, the aim of local settlement is to provide refugees with a confined geographical space where they can maintain and perpetuate their Otherness withoutbeing able to intermingle with nationals. InAttfya s own words. 

Type 2 as a discrete assemblage of major elements of Uruk material culture - primarily pottery found within or near local settlements ... 

Type 3 the presence of some elements of Uruk material culture - again primarily pottery found distributed either randomly or uniformly through local settlements. 

This example illustrates the benefits and costs of introducing plants to new localities. Over the mere two hundred years of European settlement in Australia many of the World s most important crop and pasture plants and all of the World s worst weeds (Table I) have been introduced to the continent. The latter have attained problem status and several other introductions, such as Echium plantagineum L. (Paterson s Curse) from the Mediterranean region, freed from those organisms which maintain them in balance in their native communities, have posed threats to agriculture. 

Thompson et al. have investigated the ecological role of the brominated isoxazoline alkaloids, aerothionin (Structure 2.84) and homoaerothionin (Structure 2.89), in Californian specimens of A. fistularis.134 139 The alkaloids caused behavioral modification in marine invertebrates, were toxic to dorid nudibranchs other than one specialized feeder, inhibited the settlement and/or metamorphosis of invertebrate larvae, and were strongly antimicrobial and cytotoxic. Sponges exuded significantly more of these two alkaloids when wounded,155 and, consistent with their defensive role, the metabolites were found to be localized in spherulous cells close to the aquiferous exhalant canals.156... 

One of the main priorities of local autorities with respect to rural villages and settlements is to implement measures in order to avoid depopulation. An important tool for local authorities towards this goal is a reliable electricity grid. 

One of the reasons for the richness of the faunal assemblage of the rock shelter of Pilisszanto might be the fact that this locality was at the time of deposition superbly suited for human settlement and also for birds of prey and carnivorous mammals. 

CLIMATIC ISSUE. Second, analysis of sediments around the Kom el Ahmr throws new light on local climatic conditions that affected the human patterns of settlement observed by archaeologists. Long before the large-scale Predynastic occupation of the region (ca. 4000-3100 B.C.), rich Nile sediments (Masmas, Sahaba) were deposited in late Pleistocene times (ca. 30,000-12,000 B.C.) over what is now the low desert. 

This research on pottery has three aspects. The ability to differentiate with trace elements different sedimentary units allowed us to conclude that pottery was produced from Nile deposits located in the immediate vicinity of the potter s workshop and kilns (25). The finer Plum Red Ware, most popular between ca. 4000 and 3400 B.C., and most common in cemeteries, was made from the same Nile sediments as the more common Straw Tempered Ware that dominated settlement ceramics. The Plum Red Ware was often fired in specific areas that may have behaved like natural wind tunnels (e.g., Locality 39 and 59 in Figure 1). Our more limited studies of Hard Orange Ware (a fine pottery most popular after about 3400-3200 B.C.) have shown that, although made from local Nile sediments, there was a significant... 

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