Lithium carbon allotropes

Tucker and Moody9 were unable to prepare the almost pure carbide described by Moissan, and attributed their failure to the very small temperature-interval between the formation and the decomposition of the substance. The carbide is also formed by the interaction of lithium and any of the allotropic modifications of carbon in vacuum at dull red heat and by the combination of the metal with carbon monoxide or dioxide, or with ethylene or acetylene, an impure product is obtained.10... 

Antimony and phosphorus react very easily with lithium to form Li2Sb and LisSb (allotropic forms a and y), and LiP and LisP phases, respectively. The theoretical capacities range from 2,596 to 660 mAh/g for P and Sb, respectively, but these high capacities cannot usually be sustained for more than a few cycles. As for silicon, many methods have been developed to address the issue of the loss of contact between the grains of the AM (X = Sn, Sb, P...) in the electrode, which is a consequence of strong volume variations (100-200%). The preparation of X/carbon composites, X Xt, (X and X forming alloys with Li), or IV X , compounds (M, transition metal. 

Phosphorus reacts with lithium to form Li3P at complete lithiation, corresponding to a volume increase of 300 % and a maximum capacity of 2595 mAh/g. However, among the three main phosphoras allotropes [107], the white variety tends to be unstable above 30 °C and only red and black phosphorous have been tested as anode materials. Red phosphorous (rP), which is commercially available, is usually amorphous and exhibits a low electrical conductivity, which induces a poor reversibility for the lithiation reaction [108]. Mixing rP with carbon (30.56 wt% of... 

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