Liquids analysis pretreatment functions

Three types of activated carbon with different oxidative pretreatments and different PZCs are shown in Table 3. Adsorption of cationic and anionic Pt is measured as a function of pH, using constant metal concentration. As before, the extent of uptake is determined by ICP analysis of the liquid phase before and after contact with the support. 

As in the case for the vapor-equilibrated transport mode, the properties of the liquid-equilibrated transport mode depend on the water content and temperature of the membrane. For a fully liquid-equilibrated membrane, the properties are uniform at the given temperature. This is because the water content remains constant for the liquid-equilibrated mode unlike in the vapor-equilibrate one. From experimental data, the value of A, for liquid-equilibrated Nafion is around 22, assuming the membrane has been pretreated correctly [6, 7, 52]. In agreement with the physical model, the water content is only a very weak function of temperature for extended (E)-form membranes (as assumed in our analysis) and can be ignored [6]. For other membrane forms, this dependence is much stronger and cannot be ignored, as discussed in the Section 5.10.1. 

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