Liquid treatment

Shammas, N. and DeWitt, N., Flotation a viable alternative to sedimentation in wastewater treatment plants, Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conf, Proc. Liquid Treatment Process Symposium, New Orleans, LA, September 20-24, 1992, pp. 223-232. 

Wang, L.K. and Kurylko, L., Method and Apparatus for Liquid Treatment, US Patent No. 5256299, Office of Patents and Trademarks, Washington, DC, October 1993. 

Figure 1 shows how acid-gas-bearing process gases can be generally treated in industrial processes. The sulfur compounds and CO2 may be absorbed in a liquid medium, such as amines, alkali salts (NaOH, K2CO3), physical solvents (methanol, propylene carbonate), or water (3). The absorbed acid gases are released by reduction of pressure and/or by application of heat. Alternatively, the H2S and CO2 may chemically combine with the absorbent (as in NaOH scrubbing) to form salts which are removed in a liquid treatment unit. This requires continual and expensive makeup of sodium to the system. 

Wang, L.K. Liquid Treatment System with Air Emission Control. U.S. Patent No. 5,399,261, March 21, 1995. 

Polymeric resins found in liquid treatment can be classified into three main categories ... 

The double promoter process is felt to approach the same quality of surface preparation as that for the vapor HMDS treatment through improved surface cleaning capability. Furthermore, it must be concluded that the Star 1000 in situ dehydration baking and vapor phase processing is of great importance. If this were not so, then suitable adhesion should have been achieved on Si02 substrates by a simple double HMDS (liquid) treatment. 

Again, double liquid treatments of HMDS did not prove adequate for polysilicon gate substrates, substrates comprised of amorphous deposited silicon as... 

Most dosing pots are constructed of steel and will withstand 150 psi pressure. They can be supplied in a variety of sizes, typically 2, 5, 10, 25 gal. Also, they are available with either a wide-mouthed closure, with a self-aligning seal, ensuring self-sealing to the tank body, or a funnel type, with a gate valve between the funnel and the tank body. They can normally accept briquette, powder, or liquid treatments. 

The technology for integrating different biosensors on a chip forms the basis for the lab on-chip which will require additional liquid handling and optionally active liquid treatment. Different approaches for a micro analytical system (pTAS) have been published [89] and are now an emerging field of research. 

To a mixture of 100 ml of liquid ammonia and about 80 mg of black iron oxide was added 0.78 g (0.02 atom) of potassium. When all of the potassium had reacted, 3.3 g of N,N-dimethyl-N -(2-pyridyl)ethylenediamine was added. After the addition of 75 ml of dry toluene the ammonia was removed on the steam bath. To the cooled and stirred mixture was added 4.26 g of p-chlorobenzyl chloride, and the reaction mixture was stirred on the steam bath for 11 hours. It was then filtered and concentrated to an oil. This concentrate was taken up in ether, and the ethereal solution was washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Distillation gave 2.96 g of yellow liquid. Treatment of this distillate with an equivalent quantity of hydrogen chloride in absolute alcohol and precipitation by the addition of anhydrous ether gave 2.33 g of the N,N-dimethyl-N -(4-chlorobenzyl)-N -(2-pyridyl)ethylenediamine hydrochloride. 

Figure 11 Average values (n = 6, error bars = SD) of the shift in the peak maximum of the C-H asymmetric stretching absorbance plotted as a function of time during the ethanol liquid treatment protocol. ANOVA followed by Scheffe s F-test revealed a statistically significant difference P < 0.05) between the location of the peak maximum before and after the 30-min ethanol exposure. There was no statistically significant difference between the baseline value and that at 24 hr. (From Ref. 125. Reprinted from Journal of Controlled Release, 16, Bommannan et al. Examination of the effect of ethanol on human stratum comeum in vivo using infrared spectroscopy, pp. 299-304, 1991, with kind permission from Elsevier Science, NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Figure 3.7 Flow sheet of alkali waste liquid treatment.

Figure 3.8 Scheme of waste liquid treatment unit. Nittetu Chemical Ei neering Co., Tokyo 174-0041, Japan. 

Based on the favorable results of the Battelle Northwest laboratory study, a 100,000 gpd pilot plant was constructed in Albany, NY, USA. The pilot plant comprised two major systems a liquid treatment system and a carbon regeneration facihty. During the 1972 operations, the average effluent turbidity, suspended sohds, COD, and BOD concentrations were 0.67 JTU, 3.1 mg/L, 39 mg/L, and 17 mg/L, respectively. This represented average removals of 98.1% suspended solids, 82.6% COD, and 81.3% BOD. These results were achieved at total plant detention times averaged slightly less than 90 min. Recovery of 91% of powdered carbon was achieved. 

L. K. Wang and L. Kurylko, Sequencing Batch Liquid Treatment. US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC. US Patent No. 5,354,458. Oct. 1994. 

Li, X.-J., Wang, Z.-D., Zong, D.-Q., 2005d. Technology development and application of polymer mixing and produced liquid treatment in Daqing. In Yan, C.Z., Li, Y. (Eds.), Tertiary Oil Recovery Symposium. Petroleum Industry Press, pp. 48—53. 

Interesting progress has been made recently in chemicaUy modifying the barrier-layer surface of asymmetric polymeric gas permeation membranes by reactive gaseous or liquid treatment (e.g., fluorination) to improve membrane permselectivity or stability [42]. Such surface treatments modify the ultrathin barrier layer almost exclusively and aUow conversion of that layer into a compositionaUy difierent structure. The result may be a more permselective membrane without significant permeabUity loss, a more fouling resistant membrane. 

Gas-phase devices treating dilute components must deal with high concentration overpotentials and subsequent low current densities. Technical solutions to this problem have been found in the case of liquid treatment, as outlined earlier similar solutions may be found for gases. Electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of gaseous components are only now receiving some attention (54). Thus, there appears to be fertile ground for explorative research in these areas. 

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