Cholesterol and lipoproteins

The a-blockers have favorable effects (decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). However, because they do not reduce CV risk as effectively as thiazide diuretics, this benefit is not clinically applicable. 

Risk factors for AD are hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes. 

Vogelvang TE, Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Teerlink T, van der Mooren MJ (2004) HMR 3339, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, reduces total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 82 1540-1549... 

K38. Kronenberg, F., Lobenstanz, E.-M., Konig, P., Utermann, G., and Dieplinger, H., Effect of sample storage on the measurement of lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins B and A-IV, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. J. Lipid Res. 35, 1318-11328 (1994). 

Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Sipahi 1, Grasso AW, Schoenhagen P, Hu T, Wolski K, Crowe T, Desai MY, Hazen SL, Kapadia SR, Nissen SE. (2007) Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Amer Med Assn 297 499-508. 

Cholesterol is present in all animal tissues, and particularly in neural tissue. It is a major constituent of cellular membranes, in which it regulates fluidity (see p. 216). The storage and transport forms of cholesterol are its esters with fatty acids. In lipoproteins, cholesterol and its fatty acid esters are associated with other lipids (see p.278). Cholesterol is a constituent of the bile and is therefore found in many gallstones. Its biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport are discussed elsewhere (see pp. 172, 312). 

Friedman, M., Fitch, T. E., Levin, C. E., Yokoyama, W. Ft. (2000a). Feeding tomatoes to hamsters reduces their plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. J. Food Set, 65, 897-900. 

In 147 postmenopausal women with early breast cancer who took exemestane in a placebo-controlled study, exemestane caused modest reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein, but had no major effect on lipid profile, homocysteine concentrations, or coagulation (14). 

Effects of crystalline nicotinic acid-induced hepatic dysfunction on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase. Am J Cardiol 1998 81(6) 805-7. 

Adverse alterations in the levels of high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins are produced by progestins. 

Wilson, T.A., Meservey, C.M., and Nicolosi, R.J. 1998. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters Beyond linoleate. Atherosclerosis 140, 147-153. 

Clinical findings may include hypertrophied muscles, acne, oily skin, hirsutism in females, gynecomastia in males, and needle punctures. Edema and jaundice may develop in heavy users. Common laboratory abnormalities include elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and depressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Liver function test results may be elevated, and luteinizing hormone levels are usually depressed. 

Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Wong NC. The effect of select nutrients on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels. EndocrRev. 2006b, 27 2-16. 

Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men, Circulation 2005 I 12 3375-3383. 

B53. Brown, M. S., Kovanen, P. T., and Goldstein, J. L., Receptor-mediated uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol and its utilization for steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex. Rec. Prog. Horn. Res. 35, 215-257 (1979). 

The use of plant sterols—(3-sitostcrol and sitostanol in consumer products to decrease cholesterol is supported by numerous clinical studies that document their efficacy in lowering mild hyperlipidemia (Jones et al., 1998 Hallikainen and Uusitupa, 1999). Although the normal diet contains plant sterols that range from 160 to 360 mg/day, a 5- to 10-fold increase is required to exert a cholesterol-lowering effect. Consumer products with increased amounts of phytosterols that exceed the content found in the diet have been made available to the consumer. In evaluating the efficacy of including sitostanol ester in margarine as a dietary supplement for children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), it was found that serum total cholesterol (TC), intermediate density lipoprotein-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels fell while the HDL-cholesterol/LDL-cholesterol ratio was elevated. 

A 12-year prospective population study. New England Journal of Medicine 316 235-240 Koren-Morag N, Tanne D, Graff E et al. (2002). Low and high density lipoprotein, cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Registry. Archives of International Medicine 162 993-999... 

Seelbach and Kris-Etherton (72) recently examined the effect of a vigorous ten-week exercise program on hepatic lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride production in obese and lean Zucker rats. (The obese Zucker rat has a marked hyperlipidemia with elevations of all plasma lipoprotein fractions, and the lean Zucker rat has a plasma lipoprotein profile similar to that of other lean rats. The use of both lean and obese strains provides information on the effect of exercise on hepatic lipoprotein production and... 

Ishikawa et al. (70), in a double-blind, cross-over trial in hypercholesterolemic patients, demonstrated that GLA lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in plasma and increased HDLC levels without affecting the levels of total cholesterol. Jantti et al. (71) observed a decrease in plasma... 

When infants were fed the same amount of palmitic acid, significantly lower values of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and of apolipoprotein A and significantly higher levels of apoB were found in infants when the same amount of palmitic acid was fed in TAGs in the i 2-position than in the i l(3)-position (69). This illustrates that lipoprotein metabolism can be affected by fatty acid distribution in TAGs. 

E683 Tetrault, G.A., Miller, W.G. and Chinchilli, V.M., et al. (1990). Regional interlaboratory standardization of determinations of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Clin. Chem. 36, 145-149. 

Reference Lipid, Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein Concentrations... 

At birth, the typical plasma cholesterol concentration is about 66mg/dL, equally distributed among LDL and HDL with a very small amount in VLDL. Triglyceride concentration is only about 36mg/dL. Cord blood apo A-I, apo B-lOO, and Lp(a) showed mean concentrations of about 80, 33, and 4mg/dL, respectively. Lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoitpoprotein concentrations rise sharply during the first few months of life, with LDL becoming the major... 

McNamara JR, Shah PK, Nakajima K, Guppies LA, Wilson PWF, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride reference ranges fi om the Framingham Heart Study. Clin Chem 1998 44 1224-32. 

Williams PT. 1996. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. A. Engl. J. Med 334(20) 1298-1303. 

Javitt, N.B.. HepG2 cells as a resource for metabolic studies lipoprotein, cholesterol, and bile acids. FASEBJ. 4 161-168, 1990. 

Carter JW, Koo SI. 1984. Effects of dietary Aroclor 1254 (PCBs) on serum levels of lipoprotein cholesterol and tissue distribution of zinc, copper and calcium in Fischer rats. Nutr Rep Int 29 223-232. 

Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989 79(1) 8—15. 

Nicolosi, R.J., Ausman, L.M. and Hegsted, D.M. (1991) Rice bran oil lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apo B levels in non-human primates. Atherosclerosis, 88, 133-142. 

The principal side effects of the 17a-alkylated androgens are hepatic, including cholestasis, and uncommonly, peliosis hepatis (blood-filled hepatic cysts). Hepatocellular cancer has rarely been reported. When administered at high doses, these androgens are more likely than others to affect serum lipid concentrations, specifically to decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 

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