Lipids hypoxia-ischemia

Stress stimuli come in a variety of forms, such as deprivation of trophic factors, ionizing radiation, free radicals (e.g., peroxynitrite), hypoxia, ischemia, heat shock, lipid second messengers (such as ceramide) (Singh et al., 1998), TNF-a, or Fas-ligand. In the brain, neurons are especially susceptible to stress stimuli these stimuli lead to activation of intracellular pathways that either promote apoptosis or defense-adaptation mechanisms. At least three such pathways have been well studied. These pathways lead to the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), p38 kinases. 

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