Lignosulfonates surface tension

In general, organic contaminants induce foaming and inorganics increase surface tension, although clearly there are exceptions. For example, sugar increases surface tension, while tannins, lignosulfonates, car-boxymethyl cellulose (CMC), phosphinocarboxylic acids (PCAs), and other dispersants reduce surface tension and help destabilize foams. 

Ross and Miles foam heights with amide fatty acid amides, 2 456t surface tension, 8 244t viscosity enhancement, 2 455t Sodium lignosulfonate... 

Lignosulfonates are soluble in water, but are insoluble in most common organic solvents. They exhibit surface activity but neither do they reduce surface tension to the extent that true surfactants do nor do they form oriented monolayers or micelles [64,81,82]. However, they are able to stabilize emulsions. 

Marasperse lignosulfonates can produce stable emulsions. These emulsions are resistant to pH and eletrolyte contents. It has been observed that sodium hydroxide enhances the surface activity of aqueous lignosulfonate solutions, which in turn lowers the interfacial tension at the oil/water interface, thereby rendering the emulsions more stable. The emulsions stabilized by lignosulfonates are also resistant to mechanical agitations and to large temperature variations. 

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