Light, velocity

The visualization of light as an assembly of photons moving with light velocity dates back to Isaac Newton and was formulated quantitatively by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. Formula [1] below connects basic physical values ... 

Some examples ambipolar diffusion, total rate of topochemical reaction, change in the light velocity when transiting from vacuum into the given medium, resultant constant of chemical reaction rate (initial product - intermediary activated complex - final product). 

Here a and b are the SL and LO annihilation operators, respectively, T and x are the transmissivity modulus and the phase of the LO (depending on its optical path), and ce2is the light velocity in the material. 

Material Dispersion—The dispersion associated with a non-monochro made light source due to the wavelength dependence of die refractive index of a material or of the light velocity in this material. 

One of the remarkable uses for high-density charge clusters (HDCCs) is to ionize selected gases, combine the positive ions with the highly negative HDCC, and accelerate the combined cluster to fractional light velocities. The following description is adapted from a paper by Jin and Fox [18]. 

Figure 6. The shape of a spherical particle as its appears in (a) its rest frame, (b) in a frame moving with subluminal (but relativistic) velocity, (c) a frame moving at the light velocity (an unphysical case ), and (d) a superluminal frame. This last figure clearly shows that, according to ER, tachyons are X-shaped objects (waves). A spatial dimension has been dropped for simplicity of representation. (From Barut et al. [50].)...

---