Light optical characteristics

Fischer U Ch 1985 Optical characteristics of 0.1 pm circular apertures in a metal film as light sources for scanning ultramicroscopy J. Vac. Sc/. Technol. B 3 386... 

Fig. 38. Diagram comparing the optical characteristics of a standard binary chrome mask with a phase-shift mask. The changes in the electric fields introduced by the phase-shift elements result in a sharper light intensity profile at the wafer surface.

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

The consequence of these accumulated undesirable optical characteristics has been quantified in several studies (70-77). In general, these characteristics result in inefficient light absorption, attenuation of dose with... 

The films were light yellow (characteristic of ZnSe), which changed to a light reddish color. The reddish color might have been due to formation of Se under the conditions of the deposition, although Se would be expected to dissolve in the selenosulphate. X-ray diffraction showed the films (presumably the reddish ones) to be wurtzite ZnSe. A bandgap of 2.62 eV was measured from the optical spectra. The films were n-type with a relatively low resistivity of ca. 10 H-cm. 

Another colloidal system with light scattering characteristics that have been widely studied is the so-called monodisperse sulfur sol. Although not actually monodisperse, the particle size distribution in this preparation is narrow enough to make it an ideal system for the study of optical phenomena. 

The light generated by stimulated emission is usually identical to the light that stimulates it in wavelength, phase, and polarization. This gives laser light its characteristic coherence and allows it to maintain the uniform polarization and (often) monochromaticity allowed by the optical cavity design. 

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