LIDAR observations

Toon, O. B E. V. Browell, S. Kinne, and J. Jordan, An Analysis of Lidar Observations of Polar Stratospheric Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 393-396 (1990a). 

Li, S.-M., K. B. Strawbridge, W. R. Leaitch, and A. M. Macdonald, Aerosol Backscattering Determined from Chemical and Physical Properties and Lidar Observations over the East Coast of Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1653-1656 (1998). 

Papayannis A, Mamouri RE, Amiridis V, Kazadzis S, Perez C, Tsaknakis G, Kokkalis P, Baldasano JM (2009) Systematic lidar observations of Saharan dust layers over Athens, Greece in the frame of EARLINET project (2004e2006). Ann Geophys 27 3611-3620... 

Several lidar stations detected the initial spreading of the cloud and followed its subsequent evolution. In the northern hemisphere (and in order of both increasing latitude and delay in the time of first arrival of the cloud overhead) these lidars are located in Hawaii (19.5 N De Luisi et al., 1982), in Japan (33.7 N Hirono and Shibata, 1982. 35 N Iwasaka et al., 1983), in Italy (41.8 N Adrian et al., 1983. 42.3 N D Al-torio and Visconti, 1983), in Germany (47.5 N Reiter et al., 1983) in the Southern hemisphere the only reporting station is located in Brazil (23 S Clemesha and Simonich, 1983). Fig. 1 gives a sequence of the lidar observations in Frascati, Italy. 

Airborne lidar observations have secured meridional cross sections of the cloud (McCormick, 1982) Balloon sightings of the El Chichon cloud were obtained (Ackerman and Lippens, 1983) one month after the eruption. 

Two-wavelength lidar observations (Gobbi et al., 1984) indicate a change in the ratio of the aerosol cross sections respectively at 1.064 pm and 0.532 pm which can be attributed to the existence of a narrow mode in the size distribution, or, possibly, to marked differences in the imaginary part of the refractive index at the two wavelengths. 

The subsequent spreading of the cloud towards higher latitudes in the Northern hemisphere can be followed through the sequence of ground-based lidar observations. On April 18 Hirono and Shibata (1983) reported intense layers at 16, 25.5 and 26 km. Fig. 1 shows the sequence of observations at Frascati the profiles give the ratio of the total backscatter-ing cross section of air (aerosols and molecules) to the molecular backscat-tering cross section as a function of altitude. 

There is evidence that polar air masses, one and half years after the eruption, carry a good deal less aerosols indicating that meridional mixing is incomplete. In an analysis of the SAM II data satellite extinction data for the Northern hemisphere winter of 1982, supplemented by airborne lidar observations, McCormick et al. (1983) found the polar vortex to be an area of substantially low aerosol content where the El Chichon cloud does not seem to have penetrated and that either an aerosol sink or a supply of clean air exists in the polar winter vortex. 

Adriani a., Congeduti F., Fiocco G. and Gobbi G.P., One-year lidar observations of tbe stratospheric aerosol layer following the El Chicbon eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 1005-1008 (1983). 

Airglow and Lidar Observations of Steady State Metal Layers... 

Browell, E.V., C.F. Butler, S. Ismail, P.A. Robinette, A.F. Carter, N.S. Higdon, O.B. Toon, M R. Schoeberl, and A.F. Tuck, Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere Polar stratospheric clouds. Geophys Res Lett 17, 385, 1990. 

Godin, S., G. Megie, C. David, D. Haner, C. Flesia, and Y. Emery, Airborne lidar observations of mountain-wave-induced polar stratospheric clouds during EASOE. Geophys Res Lett 21, 1335, 1994. 

Poole, L.R., and M.P. McCormick, Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds Indications of two distinct growth stages. Geophys Res Lett 15, 21, 1988. 

Toon, O.B., A. Tabazadeh, E.V. Browell, and J. Jordan, Analysis of lidar observations of arctic polar stratospheric clouds. J Geophys Res 105, 20,598, 2000. 

Collins, R.L., K.P. Bownan, and C.S. Gardner, Polar stratospheric clouds at the South Pole in 1990 Lidar observations and analysis. J Geophys Res 98, 1001, 1993. 

Figure 7.15. Evolution between 21 30 and 23 00 of the Ca+ density (expressed in number of ions per cubic centimeter) measured by resonant lidar technique between 92 and 106 km on October 27, 1983. The time integration for the lidar observation is 8 minutes. From Granier et a/.(1989).

Bills, R.E., and C.S. Gardner, Lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and sporadic Fe layers at Urbana, Illinois. Geophys Res Lett 17, 143, 1990. 

Anstnann A, Mattis I, Wandinger U, Wagner F, Reichardt J, Deshler T. 1997. Evolution of the Pinatubo aereosol Raman LIDAR observation of particle optical depth, effective radius, mass and surface area over central Europe at 53.4 N . J. Atmos. Sci. 54(22) 2630-2641. 

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