Levulinic anhydride

N-Lemlinylnucleosides. N-Levulinylcytidine (1) can be prepared by reaction of the free nucleoside with levulinic anhydride in refluxing methanol (70% yield), but higher yields (86%) are obtained by reaction of the trisilyl derivative with levulinic acid. I)( (, and DMAP, followed by desilylation (F ). N-Lcvulination of trisilylad-enosinc is best effected with levulinic acid and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-l,2-... 

Levulinic anhydride. Methanesulfonyl chloride. 4-Methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrane. Methyal. a-Naphthyldiphenylmethyl chloride. Trityl chloride. 

Lead fetraacetate-Trifluoroacetic acid, 317 Lead tefrakis(trifluoroacetate), 318 Lemieux-Rudlolf oxidation, 455 Levulinic acid, 354 Levulinic anhydride, 318-319 Levulinic esters, 318-319 Limonene, 535 Lindlar catalyst, 67, 319 Lithioacetonitrile, 34, 636 1-Lithiocyclopropyl bromides, 89... 

Furfural Pentose Furfuryl alcohol, furfuryl amine, furan-acrylic acid, tetrahydrofuran, levulinic acid, maleic anhydride Chheda etal., 2007 Corma etal., 2007... 

Levulinic esters. Alcohols can be protected as the levuhnates, readily prepared by reaction of the alcohol with the anhydride in pyridine at 25°. The protecting group can be removed by NaBH4, which selectively reduces carbonyl groups in the presence of ester groups. This reaction is usually quantitative. This... 

Levulinic acid stirred 15 min. at room temp, with acetic anhydride in the presence of Amberlyst 15 cation exchanger y-acetoxy-y-valerolactone. Y 70%. F. e. s. J. P. Wineburg, C. Abrams, and D. Swern, J. Heterocyclic Chem. 72, 749 (1975). 

The reaction is used for manufacturing - ricinenic acid, - alkyloxazolines, - furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural, - levulinic acid, fatty acid anhydrides, - caramel color, -+dextrins and - levoglu-cosans. 

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