Leaving groups neighboring group participation

In discussing nonclassical carbocations we must be careful to make the distinction between neighboring-group participation and the existence of nonclassical carbocations. ° If a nonclassical carbocation exists in any reaction, then an ion with electron delocalization, as shown in the above examples, is a discrete reaction intermediate. If a carbon-carbon double or single bond participates in the departure of the leaving group to form a carbocation, it may be that a nonclassical carbocation is involved, but there is no necessary relation. In any particular case, either or both of these possibilities can be taking place. 

Neighboring group participation involving acylamino or acyloxy groups is common in nucleophilic substitution. For example, in the reaction of methyl 4,6-0-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-benzoylamino-3-O-mesyl-a-D-altro-pyranoside 8 with NaOEt, no 3-0-ethoxy-mannoside derivative was obtained. Instead, oxazoline 9 and epimine 10 were identified in this reaction (O Scheme 5) [12]. This results from the l,2-tra 5 -diaxial relationship between the leaving... 

Figure 8 The chemical glycosylation reaction often proceeds via a cyclic oxocarbenium ion that can produce either the a- or p-anomeric products. Stereochemical control of the glycosylation reaction as illustrated (a) without neighboring group participation (R = benzyl, etc.) and (b) with neighboring group participation (R = acetyl, benzoyl, etc.). LG, leaving group.

The pify of the leaving group and the hydrophobe chain length can dramatically affect the efficiency of the perhydrolysis reaction. Additionally, the stmcture of the acid portion of the precursor can affect the yield and sensitivity of the reaction to pH. The mono-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid ester of a-decylsuccinic acid (13) undergoes extremely efficient perhydrolysis at much lower pHs than other peracid precursors, eg, decanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (14). This may be because of the neighboring group participation of the adjacent carboxylate as shown in Table 2 (115). 

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