Motion larger scale

Microturbulence seldom occurs alone it is generally driven by larger-scale motions microturbulence is the high-wavenumber part of the atmospheric spectrum of turbulence. For the stars discussed here the origin of the motion field may be found in pulsations or in convective motions. Such motions have been discovered in a Cyg (Boer et al., 1987 ) they have up- and downward velocities of 14 km s-1 and the... 

This means that larger scale motions can be explicitly resolved and deterministically forecasted. The smaller scale motions, namely turbulence, are not explicitly resolved. Rather, the effects of those sub-grid scales on the larger scales are approximated by turbulence models. These smaller size motions are said to be parameterized by sub-grid scale stochastic (statistical) approximations or modes. The referred experimental data analyzes of the flow in the atmospheric boundary layer determine the basis for the large eddy simulation (LES) approach developed by meteorologists like Deardorff [27] [29] [30]. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is thus a relatively new approach to the calculation of turbulent flows. 

In what follows we describe some of the larger-scale motions in proteins for which theoretical studies of the dynamics are available. ... 

Irradiation with light produces molecular changes in azobenzenes, and under appropriate conditions, these changes can translate into larger scale motions and even modulation of material properties. Following Natansohn and Rochon (2002), we will describe motions roughly in order of increasing size scale. However, since the motion on any size scale invariably affects (and is affected by)... 

The stress obtained from rheological measurements reflects anisotropy of the stmcture of the stress-sustaining units, as explained earlier. Since larger scale motion of these units usually requires a longer time, the slow viscoelastic relaxation modes reflect the large-scale (global) dynamics of those emits in a material while the fast modes detect the local dynamics. 

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