Lanthanoids fluorescence

At present, luminescence determination methods are available for almost all elements of the periodic table (Fig. 3). Most extensively used are methods whereby fluorescent, more rarely phosphorescent, complexes of elements with organic ligands are obtained. Many methods utilize the native luminescence of lanthanoides (III), uranyl, mercury-like and other ions in crystallophosphors and complexes with inorganic and organic ligands and also chemiluminescence. 

HPLC detection Estrogens Lanthanoid chelate fluorescent labels, detection limits in the picogram range... 

Fluorescent lanthanoid chelates absorb radiation at the wavelength characteristic of the chelator and emit with the wavelength characteristic of the metal, due to energy transfer from the ligand to the metal ion. Lanthanoid chelates are mainly based on bipyridine, polyaminocarboxylate, and cryptate chelators. A typical anteima attached to some polyaminocarboxylate chelators is carbostyril 124 (7-amino-4-methyl-2(lH)-quinolinone) (see Figure 13), which absorbs at a wavelength of 337 nm and the main emission will be at 615 nm for europium and 543 nm for terbium. 

Other pioneers in polysilane OLEDs were Suzuki (NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Japan) and Haarer (Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bayreuth) [112]. Based on polysilanes, they and others designed numerous multi-layer OLEDs which contained a variety of fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes as emitters. Some fluorescent dyes used were lanthanoid complexes [113] or derivatives of coumarine, perylene, phenoxazole or 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(/ -dimethyl-aminostyryl)-4//-pyrane (DCM) [114-117], Benzophenone was used as a phosphorescent dye [118]. 

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