Lanthanide complexes, heterogenized

The DELFIA assay, the first effective lanthanide-based immunoassay, was developed and commercialized by the early 1980s.108-112 DELFIA (Dissociation Enhanced Lanthanide Fluoro-ImmunoAssay) is a heterogeneous assay which uses a lanthanide complex based on aminocarboxylate ligands such as EDTA, EGTA, or DTPA, linked to the antibody by reaction of appended isothiocyanate groups (e.g., complex (45)) with nucleophilic residues, particularly amines, on the protein surface (Figure 11). 

The main hardware types offered by physics are mentioned, namely trapped ions (or trapped atoms), quantum dots, quantum optical cavities, rf superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects on diamond. Some are important simply as a benchmark to evaluate the quality of the implementations offered by chemistry, whereas others might be combined with lanthanide complexes to produce heterogeneous quantum information processors which combine the advantages of different hardware types. 

Heterogeneous diene polymerization catalysts based on modified and unmodified silica-supported lanthanide complexes are known as efficient gas-phase polymerization catalysts for a variety of support materials and activation procedures (see Sect. 9). Metal siloxide complexes M(()SiR3 )x are routinely employed as molecular model systems of such silica-immobilized/ grafted metal centers [196-199]. Structurally authenticated alkylated rare-earth metal siloxide derivatives are scarce, which is surprising given that structural data on a considerable number of alkylated lanthanide alkoxide and aryloxide complexes with a variety of substitution patterns is meanwhile available. 

The mechanism for polymerization of propylene with heterogeneous catalysts is very similar to that of ethylene. Studies with a homogeneous catalyst of a lanthanide element provided early mechanistic evidence. The complex used in these studies was 6.15. In 6.15 lutetium is in a 3+ oxidation state and has the electronic configuration of 4fu. In other words Lu3+ has a full/shell and 6.15 is a diamagnetic complex. 

They also follow expected effects of added ions (e.g. Li N03") via the reduction of the water activity ("salting-out effect"). The apparent discrepancy comes from our choice to model uranyl by its neutral U02(N03)2 salt instead of U02, in order allow for its possible extraction. In ct, it is very difficult to predict the status of ion pairs in pure solutions (see e.g. ref (53) for lanthanide salts in acetonitrile) and, a fortiori, at liquid-liquid interfaces. The formation of neutral salts may also be too slow to occur at the simulated time scales. Thus, this facet cannot be addressed by our simulations. In this context, the spontaneous formation of uranyl complexes with TBP is remarkable, and points to the importance of (micro)-heterogeneities of the systems and metastable conditions to form the complexes and promote their extraction to organic or supercritical phases. 

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