Langmuir-Blodgett method, immobilization

Similarly as it is in the case of solution phase, most of reported studies have been devoted to immobilization of Ru(bipy)32 + due to universality of this chelate in ECL based analytical application. When electrochemical stimulation is applied to the system, Ru(bipy)32+ immobilized on the electrode is oxidized to Ru(bipy)33 + followed by further reduction of Ru(bipy)33 + with a coreactant (e.g., TPrA) present in the bulk solution. Then ECL signal is obtained from the produced excited 3 Ru(bipy)32+ state, similarly as in the case of the solution-phase excitation. There are several methods allowing the immobilization such as (i) self-organization of Ru(bipy)32+ derivatives by means of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) or self-assembly... 

A membrane for a DNA-probe of a microelectronic biosensor based on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) diacetylene film with covalently bonded DNA has been developed [86]. Diacetylene films formed on the surface of oxidized silicon by the LB method were used for covalent immobilization of DNA molecules, using the standard W./V -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide... 

In the field of electrochemical biosensors, the utilization of biomolecules such as antibodies, DNA, enzymes or another kind of proteins adhered to Langmuir-Blodgett films confer specificity to the system [48-50]. Concerned the development of modified electrodes for enzymes immobilization, Langmuir-Blodgett films has been considered an important path for biosensors fabrication and many kinds of arquitectures has been reported in the last decades as very promissing approaches for biosensors development. Examples of biosensors development using LB method has been extensively reported on literature for application in several biosensing approaches [51, 52]. 

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is one of the most conventional methods of nano-film fabrication. The polyion complex technique [221] was proposed to immobilize water-soluble bilayer forming amphiphiles and counter-charged polymers as polymeric LB films. Water-insoluble polyion complexes are formed at the air/water interface when the charged amphiphiles are directly spread on the surface of the aqueous polyelectrol 4 e solution. Alternative multilayers of the polymer and the amphiphile with stoichiometric ion pairing can be deposited onto solid substrates by the conventional LB technique [222]. The principle of the... 

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