Ladder-switching

Figure 3 The effects of fragmentation and ladder switching in the MPI process of a molecule ABC at high photon fluxes. (Reprinted from Vorsa V, Kono T, Willey KF, and Winograd N (1999) Femtosecond photoionisation of ion beam desorbed aliphatic and aromatic amino adds fragmentation via a-cleavage reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 103 7889-7895 American Chemical Sodety.)...

Figure 1C. Additional excitation of the molecular ions takes place at increased laser intensities, where photon absorption (in the ion and fragment ion manifold) and dissociation processes to fragment ions follow each other. Owing to this ladder switching the degree of fragmentation is tuneable from soft ionization (mainly or solely molecular ions) to hard ionization (mainly small or even atomic fragment ions). At appropriate laser wavelengths and intensities metastable decay processes may dominate the mass spectrum. Multiphoton excitation and dissociation is also possible with delayed laser pulses and at different positions in space, giving rise to new forms of tandem mass spectrometry.

The fully ionic solids (region I) afforded band insulators, 1 1 Mott insulators with ground states of antiferromagnets (E b(21) and F b(22) in Fig. 1) or spin-Peierls systems, ferroelectrics, ferromagnets, spin-ladders, and nonlinear transport materials (switching and memory). 

These calculational results concur extremely well with the experimental findings. Lithium amide complexes are dimeric rings (or monomers) if the complexant Li ratio is 1 1 or greater, and if every Li bears (at least) one complexant. However, there is a switch of structural preference from ring to ladder if a base is not coordinated to each Li. In such cases, only the end-Li centers of the ladder are complexed, even though a 1 1 complexant Li ratio may be present under the experimental conditions. 

One such construct is for a "one-shot. Some PLCs provide this as a built-in function, but here it will be presented in terms of separate components. The one-shot is generated by the third rung of ladder logic in Fig. 8-60a. But first examine the fourth rung. The input LL drives the output coil LL1. This coil provides the state of level switch LL on the previous scan of ladder logic. This is used in the third rung to produce the one-shot. Output coil OneShot is energized if... 

In the following, we describe in detail the case of Fig. 8. For the process in A or ladder systems, where the initial population resides in state 1), two different adiabatic paths lead to the complete population transfer, depending on the pulse sequence. The path denoted (a) corresponds to an intuitive sequence for the rise of the pulses. The pump pulse is switched on first, making the levels connected to the states 1) and 2) repel each other (dynamical Stark shift) until the level connected to 11) crosses the level connected to 3). The Stokes pulse is switched on after the crossing. Next the two pulses can decrease in any order. Path (b) is associated to a counterintuitive sequence for the decrease of the pulses. The two... 

Figure 10 shows that, for the process in A (or ladder) systems, two different adiabatic paths lead to different complete population transfers, depending on the pulse sequence. Path (a) corresponds to an intuitive pulse sequence (for the decrease of the pulses) and allows pulses to populate at the end the state 2). The Stokes and pump pulses can be switched on in any sequence and the pump pulse is switched off before the Stokes one. The path (b) corresponds to a counterintuitive pulse sequence (for the rise of the pulses) and allows pulses to populate at the end the state 3). The Stokes pulse is switched on before the pump, and the stokes pulse has to be switched off before the pump. We can thus selectively populate the states 2) or 3), provided that the peak amplitudes are sufficiently strong to induce the adiabatic path to cross the intersection involved. 

The next incremental step up the ladder of complexity of switching was the development [38] of a three-pole supramolecular switch. Such a switch is one that can be adjusted to any one of three different settings. Bolstered by the success and rich electrochemistry of the dual mode switch, a three-pole switch was designed without delay and investigated. 

Provision for traffic handling—arrangement of spurs and ladder truck and switching... 

A cable may experience varions different environments along its ronte. For example it may start at a switchboard, run through the switch room in a trench with a lid or steel flooring, pass throngh a dnct in a wall and under a roadway, mn a long way directly bnried and finish on a ladder rack at the consumer. At each of these environments the thermal resistivity and ambient temperatnre will be different. The environment that canses the most derating of the rated current should be taken and nsed for the whole cable. 

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