Knoevenagel Condensation Free of Solvent and Catalyst

Knoevenagel condensation [22] is a commonly used synthetic method for forming carbon-carbon bonds. Amines, ammonium salts, or various Lewis acids usually catalyze the reaction, which is strongly solvent-dependent. An improved Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile was reported by Ren et al [23]. The experimental protocol entails grinding the aldehydes with malononitrile using a glass mortar and pestle at room temperature for 1 h and alio- 

The analogous reaction carried out under microwave irradiation will be discussed in the next section, dealing with cases for which organic solvents are required to extract the products. 

The recovered water-soluble catalyst ammonium acetate (NH4OAC) in the filtrate can be recycled for further use. 

Solventless Oxidation Using the Urea-Hydr en Peroxide Complex (UHP) 

Expeditious Synthesis of 1-Aryi-4-methyi-1,2,4-triazoio[4,3-a]quinoxalines 

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