Kleitman

Aserinsky, E. Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 118, 273-4. 

Dement, W. Kleitman, N. (1957). Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 9, 673-90. 

N. Kleitman, Sleep and Wakefulness, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111., 1939. 

Dement, W. 8r N. Kleitman (1957a). Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology 9,... 

Dement, W. 8rN. Kleitman 1957h). Journal of Experimental Psychology 53, 543-553. Foulkes, D. (1962). Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 65,14-25. 

The first identified pattern was the rapid eye movements which occur periodically during sleep in man (Aserinski Kleitman, 1953), giving rise to the... 

Dement, W. (1958). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 10, 291-296. Dement, W. 8c N. Kleitman (1957a). Journal of Experimental Psychology 53, 339-346. Dement, W. 8c N. Kleitman (1957b). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 9, 673-690. 

The other changes suggest a similar shift toward sympathetic activation. In Aserinsky and Kleitman s first published description of REM sleep (Science, 1953), they reported that heart rate and respiratory rate both increased. Soon thereafter, Frederick Snyder showed that systolic blood pressure also increased, sometimes to alarming levels, in REM. Psychotogens raise heart rate and blood pressure, too. 

Lee MAM, Kleitman N. Studies on the physiology of sleep. II. Attempts to demonstrate functional changes in the nervous system during experimental insomnia. Am J Physiol 1923 67 141-152. 

Kleitman N, Engelmann TG. Sleep characteristics of infants. J Appl Physiol 1953 6 269-282. 

It was the combination of EEG and EOG that enabled Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman to make their 1953 discovery of brain activation in sleep. They called the brain activation phase of sleep REM (for rapid eye movements) because of the association of the activation of the eye movements (oculomotor activation) with activation of the brain. They asserted that dreaming might be another associated event. It was the EMG (together with the EEG and EOG) that allowed Michel Jouvet and Francois Michel to show that muscle tone supporting posture - and hence postural movement - was actively abolished in REM sleep. 

In 1957, William Dement, a co-worker of Aserinsky and Kleitman, vigorously investigated the REM sleep-dream connection in humans, and discovered that cats also had periods of brain activation and REM in their sleep. This provided the experimental model necessary for investigation of the cellular and molecular basis of brain activation in sleep, and the chance to integrate phenomena at the level of cells and molecules with the EEG and the distinctive forms of mental activity in human sleep. We didn t need to know whether cats dreamed to make this integration. All we... 

D. Kleitman, Electrical Properties of Phthalocyanine. Purdue Univ. Press, Lafayette, Indiana, 1953. 

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