Kinks, lithium deposition

Kamlet scale 458 kinetics, lithium alloys 366 ff kinks, lithium deposition 345 Kroger-Vink notation 529... 

After the fiber-like lithium has grown, lithium is still deposited on the lithium substrate that is not at the tip of the fiber-like lithium. If the deposition continues for a long time, the lithium electrode becomes covered with long, fiber-like lithium. In this situation, lithium-ion transport in the electrolyte to the lithium electrode surface is hindered by the fiber-like lithium. Then, lithium begins to be deposited on the tip and on kinks of the fiber-like lithium, where there are crystalline defects. The morphology of the deposited lithium is particle-like or amorphous. As there are many kinks, the current density of the lithium deposition becomes very low. This low current density may create particle-like, rather than fiber-like, lithium. Thus the morphology of the lithium as a whole becomes mushroom-like [31]. 

The dissolution process of plated lithium may be the reverse of the plating process (Figure 13.2b). At first, the parHcle-like lithium on the kinks is dissolved. Then, the fiber-like lithium at the base is dissolved. During this process, fiber-like lithium is sometimes cut from the lithium substrate and becomes dead lithium. There is a large amount of dead lithium when the diameter of the fiber-like lithium is small under conditions of high-rate and/or low-temperature deposition, because the whiskers are easily cut. 

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