Kinetics heat pumps

Kinetically one can compare the rubber elastic extension to the compression of a gas, as illustrated in Fig. 5.167. The thermodynamic equations reveal that reversible rabber contraction can just as well drive a heat pump as reversible gas expansion. Raising temperature, increases the pressure of a gas, analogously it takes a greater force to keep a rabber band extended at higher temperature. The two equations for this fact are known as the ideal gas law p = PoTV(/(ToV) with PoV/r = R, the gas... 

One possibility to avoid this limitation is the conversion of heat into another kind of energy like mechanical or electrical energy. In this case (see Figure 231) the converter is producing entropy free work, which can be stored without theoretical limitations. Examples are pump storages, where water is pumped to a higher level, or flywheels, where kinetic energy can be stored. 

The kinetic studies were done in a 1/2-inch pipe jacketed reactor with a 1/8-inch thermowell down the middle. The first 7 inches of the reactor was filled with quartz chips and used as a preheater. Ten grams of 10-20 mesh SK-500 was then mixed with twice its volume of quartz and placed on top of the preheat section. The feed was pre-mlxed In a pressurized tank and then pumped upflow through the reactor. The temperature was controlled by pumping Dow Therm through the jacket with heat being supplied externally. This resulted In the reactor being Isothermal. 

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