Kelvin theory

Both Equations (6.10) and (6.13) require some comments. If Equation (6.10) is used to analyze experimental data, then a problem often encountered is related to adsorption hysteresis in the mesopores. The results of calculations may depend on which branch of the isotherm (adsorption or desorption) is used as the basis of calculations. In such cases, one should preferentially employ the desorption branch in order to conform to the Kelvin theory of pore filling [8, 27, 46]. Nonetheless, values of the fractal dimension that are calculated from the adsorption and desorption isotherms should be comparable for those samples showing fractal properties over a sufficiently wide range of pore sizes [7, 8]. 

Kelvin temperature scale, 58 Ketones, 334 Kerosene. 231, 341 Kilo, 40 Kilocalorie, 40 Kinetic energy, 53, 114 billiard ball analogy, 6, 114 distribution, 130, 131 formula for, 59 of a moving particle, 59 relation to temperature, 56, 131 Kinetic theory, 49, 52, 53 and Avogadro s Hypothesis, 58 review, 61... 

The second law as it left the hands of Carnot required no explanation. On the caloric theory then prevalent, it was a necessary consequence of a hydrodynamical analogy—the mechanical explanation was in fact, as Carnot s words show, the source of the principle. When the caloric theory was thrown down, the analogy and explanation fell with it, and the reconstruction of Carnot s principle by Clausius and Kelvin resulted in a law of experience. 

In the older theory of capillary action(1), developed by Laplace T. Young (1805), Gauss (1830), and Poisson (1831), no attention was paid to the possibility of thermal changes attending the alteration of surface at constant temperature. That such changes must exist was first demonstrated by Lord Kelvin (2) (1859), and the theory of capillarity Was developed more particularly from the thermodynamic standpoint in the masterly treatise of Willard Gibbs (8) (1876). 

The theory of Kelvin (1854), developed in the preceding, section, stands midway between these two hypotheses, in that it assumes the existence of potential differences at the junctions, playing the role postulated by Clausius, and also admits the production of electromotive forces in the interior of the homo-, geneous wires due to inequalities of temperature in the latter, these inequalities giving rise to the flow of heat which is regarded as essential in the theory of Kohlrausch. 

Kohlrausch s theory leaves quite unexplained the fact that no thermoelectric current is set up in a homogeneous wire along which a current of heat is flowing, whilst the theory of Lord Kelvin is difficult to reconcile with the fact that thermoelectric currents cannot be set up in a circuit of liquid metals, although these show the Thomson effect. The latter seems, therefore, to be to a certain extent independent of the Peltier effect. Theories intended to escape these difficulties have been proposed by Planck (1889), and Duhem, in which the conception of the entropy of electricity is introduced. 

The relation between matter and ether was rendered clearer by Lord Kelvin s vortex-atom theory, which assumed that material atoms are vortex rings in the ether. The properties of electrical and magnetic systems have been included by regarding the atom as a structure of electrons, and an electron as a nucleus of permanent strain in the ether— a place at which the continuity of the medium has been broken and cemented together again without fitting the parts, so that there is a residual strain all round the place (Larmor). 

Crookes, Lodge s fellow scientist and psychic investigator, contributed an al-chemically inflected ether/matter theory that gained wide acceptance amongst Theosophists and helped lay the groundwork for Besant and Leadbeater s occult chemistry. On February 18, 1887, some twenty years after Kelvin s... 

Moore grapples with the vortex theory of atoms elaborated by Helmholtz and Kelvin, and the more recent electronic theory of atoms propounded by... 

As Kelvin put it in a 1903 letter to Ramsay, The hypothesis of evolution in the atom or transformation in its substance, coupled with the supposition that the energy emitted by the radium is taken out of store in the atom, seems to me utterly improbable. And Travers notes that in June 1903, at a private dinner for Madame Curie and Kelvin, Madame Curie did her best to convert her dinner partner to the disintegration theory, without success (252). 

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