Kariapper and Foster

Kariapper and Foster derived a simple model considering the effect of several process parameters. The particle deposition rate is again defined as a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, where the measure of the particle cathode interaction k depends on  

Taking N as the number of particle collisions with the cathode suitable for particle incorporation, which is affected by the agitation rate, the particle deposition rate is given by  

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Kariapper and Foster used the Guglielmi model but introduced the adsorption of metal ions on the particle surface. First of all, the particles had to be positively charged for incorporation. Contact between the particle and the metal surface could be expected to then reduce part of the adsorbed cations. The authors also postulated the formation of a mechanical bond between particles and metal surface (Figure 12.8). 

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