Jugular veins percutaneous access

Fig. 4.27 Percutaneous venous access of the right internal jugular vein. Weitlaner retractor placed demonstrating the figure-of-eight stitch. (From Belott PH, Reynolds DW. Permanent pacemaker implantation. In EUenbogen KA, Kay N, Wilkoff BL, eds. Clinical cardiac pacing. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 1995, with permission.)...

The standard site for the placement of a vena cava filter is below the renal veins in the IVC. However, due to sizing limitations or when there is a high risk of releasing emboli from the kidneys, vena cava filters can also be placed in the suprarenal position (Fig. 17.1). There are three approaches to their percutaneous insertion and delivery. Generally, noninvasive access through a femoral vein is most frequently used (82%),but alternatively, jugular,subclavian, and antecubital approaches have also been found to be clinically successful (Fig. 17.1). ... 

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