JNK protein

Urano, F., Wang, X., Bertolotti, A., Zhang, Y., Chung, P., Flarding, Fl.P. and Ron, D. (2000b). Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IREl. Science 287, 664-666. 

Gupta, S., Barrett, T., Whitmetfsh, A.J., Cavemagh, J., Sluss, H.K., Derijard, B. and Davis, R.J. 1996. Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors. EMBO J. 

Chihab R, Ferry C, Koziel V, Monin P, Daval JL. Sequential activation of activator protein-1-related transcription factors and JNK protein kinases may contribute to apoptotic death induced by transient hypoxia in developing brain neurons. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998 63(1) 105-120. 

Med. Chem. Lett., 3(9), 721-725 (2012). From in Silico Discovery to Intracellular Activity Targeting JNK-Protein Interactions with Small Molecules. 

SAPK/JNK pathway. Within the SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase) class, the Jun NT-terminal kinases (JNKs) form a subfamily (SAPK/JNK 1-3). 

FIGURE 8.6 Parallel pathways to transcription and the MAP kinase family. The MAP kinases can be classified into three groups, based on the identity of the intermediate residue in their dual phosphorylation motifs (TEY, TGY, or TPY). This classification also defines three distinct signal-transduction pathways indicated as the ERK, the JNK/SAPK, and the p38/HOG pathway, each having unique protein kinases acting upstream. 

Liu, C., Russell, R.M., and Wang, XD. 2004. Low dose beta-carotene supplementation of ferrets attenuates smoke-induced lung phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPK, and p53 proteins. J Nutr 134 2705-2710. 

Minden, A., Lin, A., McMahon, M. et al. 1994. Differential activation of ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases by Raf-1 and MEKK. Science 266 f7f9-f723. 

CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase GRK, G protein receptor kinase JNK, Jun kinase MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase MEK, MAP kinase and ERK kinases RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase, GSK, glycogen synthase kinase SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase SEK, SAPK kinase. 

A second family of MAPKs is referred to as stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) [3,14,15]. This includes JNKs, or Jun kinases, named originally for their phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. SAPKs were first identified in peripheral tissues on the basis of their activation in response to cellular forms of stress, which include X-ray irradiation and osmotic stress. More recently, they have been demonstrated to be activated in brain by several cytokines as well as by synaptic activity [16]. As shown in Figure 23-3, SAPKs are activated by SAPK kinases (SEKs), which are in turn activated by SEK kinases. The Ras-like small G proteins implicated in SEK kinase activation are Rac and Cdc-42. In this case, it appears that Rac/Cdc-42 triggers activation of SEK kinase by stimulating its phosphorylation by still another protein kinase termed p21-activated kinase (PAK). Thus, PAK can be considered a MAPK kinase kinase kinase, which is analogous to the cascade of protein kinases found in yeast (Fig. 23-4). 

Johnson, G. L. and Lapadat, R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 298 1911-1912,2002. 

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