Jateorhiza

Jateorhiza Jatrorrhiza) palmata Lam. (Miers). Columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine. 

Palmatine and Associated Alkaloids. Palmatine, jatrorrhizine (jateorhizine) and columbamine were first isolated from ealumba root (Jateorhiza palmata Lam., Miers) as a result of the work of Giinzel followed by that of Feist, but all three have sinee been found in other genera. All three are quaternary bases, soluble in water, and methods for their isolation have been deseribed by Giinzel, Feist, and Spath and Polgar, usually dependent upon their preeipitation as iodides, or their reduetion to the tertiary tetrahydro-bases. The latter oeeur naturally in the Rhceadales and have been deseribed already (p. 284). A method for the separate estimation of the alkaloids of ealumba root has been described by Neugebauer and Brunner. " ... 

Clerodanes involve a (C61C6) group variously linked to furan (unsaturated C40), pyran (unsaturated C50), methyleneoxy and methylenedioxy rings. Clerodanes include bitter tastants and antifeedants as exemplified by the extremely bitter component columbin of the bitter tonic made from roots of Jateorhiza columba (columba root) (Menispermaceae). 

Chasmanthin Jateorhiza columba, J. palmata (columba Bitter... 

Pig. 187.—Jateorhiza palmata—Portion of vine. Note tendril for winding about a support as this plant climbs. Sayre.)... 

Palmatine, C21H23O6N, was first isolated from Jateorhiza palmata by Gadamer (222), who determined the correct formula. Giinzel (160) isolated it subsequently under the name of columbamine, and Feist (159)... 

C20H22O6, Mr 358.39, very bitter needles, insoluble in water, soluble in acetone, mp. 195-196°C, [a]u +52.7° (pyridine). Diterpene with clerodane structure from Colombo root Jateorhiza palmata), and Tino-spora cordifolia. 

Columbamine C20H20NO 338.38 Jateorhiza palmata, Berberis species 3621-36-1... 

Palmatine CjiHjjNOj 352.41 Jateorhiza palmatOy Berberis and Mahonia species 3486-67-7... 

The tribe Tinosporeae is comprised of twenty-two genera, of which only seven were chemically studied. They are Ouismanthera, Dioscoreopl llum, Jateorhiza, Kolobopetalum, Parabaena, Rhigiocarya and linospora. The predominant alkaloid types present in all of them are the protoberberines, followed by aporphines. 

The chemical constituents of the roots of "Columba" (Jateorhiza pahnata Miers, = J. columba Miers) have been known for more then a century. Berberine was the first compound to be isolated, by Boedecker in 1849 (88). After that came columbamine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine. It is very common to find this combination of alkaloids distributed in the various genera of the Menispermaceae. Also isolated from the genus was the dimer bisjatrorrhizine. In Dioscoreophyllum were found columbamine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine. 

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