Isoprenoids conjugated

More than 600 different carotenoids from natural sources have been isolated and characterized. Physical properties and natural functions and actions of carotenoids are determined by their chemical properties, and these properties are defined by their molecular structures. Carotenoids consist of 40 carbon atoms (tetraterpenes) with conjugated double bonds. They consist of eight isoprenoid units j oined in such a manner that the arrangement of isoprenoid units is reversed at the center of the molecule so that the two central methyl groups are in a 1,6-position and the remaining nonterminal methyl groups are in a 1,5-position relationship. They can be acyclic or cyclic (mono- or bi-, alicyclic or aryl). Whereas green leaves contain unesterified hydroxy carotenoids, most carotenoids in ripe fruit are esterified with fatty acids. However, those of a few... 

The three major classes of biopolymers found in eukaryotic systems are nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. The latter class is the most complex with respect to structural and stereochemical diversity. Polysaccharides indeed possess a massive information content. Furthermore, polysaccharides are commonly found in nature covalently attached (conjugated) to other biomolecules such as proteins, isoprenoids, fatty acids, and lipids.1... 

Carotenoids are lipid-soluble terpenoids derived from the isoprenoid pathway and are located in hydrophobic areas of cells. All have a 40-carbon isoprene backbone with a variety of ring structures at one or both ends (Fig. 8.2) [25]. The carbon skeleton is derived from five-carbon isoprenoid groups and contains alternating conjugated double bonds. There are two kinds of carotenoids (Fig. 8.2) carotenes composed of carbon and hydrogen and xanthophylls composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

The biosynthetic pathway producing isoprenoid cytokinins has been identified, whereas that of aromatic cytokinins is poorly characterized.363 385 Two distinct pathways for isoprenoid cytokinin biosynthesis have been described, and each pathway employs a different type of isopentenyltransferase at the initial step. The major pathway in higher plants, which is catalyzed by IPT, is conjugation of adenine nucleotide and DMAPP or 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-( )-butenyl diphosphate (HMBDP) (Figure 14). In the less frequently used pathway, cytokinins are formed by degradation of prenylated tRNAs. The initial prenylation reaction of tRNA is catalyzed by tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (tRNA-IPT) (Figure 14). 

LPDE solution also catalyzes the conjugate allylation of quinones. This is an important reaction in the preparation of biologically active isoprenoid quinones such as vitamin E, vitamin K, coenzyme Qi, and plastoquinones. If 123 is reacted with the allylsi-lane in 5.0 m LPDE for 15 h at 40 °C, allylhydroquinone 124 is obtained in 73 % yield, together with non-allylated hydroquinone 125 (Sch. 63) [113]. 

In this chapter the synthesis and reactions of prenylphenols will be discussed. Unlike the non-isoprenoid alkylphenols, considered in the next chapter, where the sidechains resemble those of the non-conjugated methylene group-interrupted fatty acids, the prenylphenol series possess double bonds more ideally placed for formation of bicyclic and polycyclic compounds. It is likely that the synthetic potential of this series for obtaining heterocycles apart form oxygen-ring compounds may not have yet been realised. 

Bacterial ([ ]3,[Z]7)-undecaprenol phosphate (Und-P)(42), has been synthesized from traw-geranyl sulfone and isoprenoid building blocks and then conjugated with prototypical glycan chains through pyrophosphate to Und-PP-linked derivatives (43-45, Scheme 9). °... 

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