Isobaric surfaces

Figure 18.6 Thermal properties of aqueous NaCl solutions as a function of temperature, pressure and concentration, (a) activity coefficient (b) osmotic coefficient (c) relative apparent molar enthalpy and (d) apparent molar heat capacity. The effect of pressure is shown as alternating grey and white isobaric surfaces of 7 , , L, and Cp at p = 0.1 or saturation, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, and 100 MPa, that increase with increasing p in (a), (b), and (d), and decrease with increasing P in (c).

Figure 5.12. Ozone mole fraction (ppmv) on the isobaric surface of 10 hPa measured by the LIMS instrument (Nimbus 7) on 24 January, 1979. Note the intrusion of subtropic ozone into the polar region during a planetary scale wave disturbance. Courtesy of L. Lyjak and J. Gille, NCAR.

Whatever the direction, the positive peak overpressure Api (X) of the incident (1) blast wave is independent of the ignition eccentricity. The center of an isobaric surface is common with the center of the cloud. In Figs. 2-6 the experimental data of ti/E, li/E, Api, ti/E, li/E as functions... 

Fig. 18-2. Surface chart for 06Z Friday, November 20, 1981. Contours are isobars of atmospheric pressure 12 is 1012 mb. Line with triangles, cold front line with semicircles, warm front line with both triangles and semicircles, an occluded front (a cold front that has caught up with a warm front). Wind direction is with the arrow wind speed is 10 knots for 1 barb, 5 knots for one-half barb. Small station circles indicate calm. H, center of high pressure L, center of low pressure.

Figure 3.5 shows the positive SSIMS spectrum from a silicon wafer, illustrating both the allocation of peaks and potential isobaric problems. SSIMS reveals many impurities on the surface, particularly hydrocarbons, for which it is especially sensitive. The spectrum also demonstrates reduction of isobaric interference by high-mass resolution. For reasons discussed in Sect. 3.1.3, the peak heights cannot be taken to be directly proportional to the concentrations on the surface, and standards must be used to quantify trace elements. 

Fig. 9.19 Typical results ofSEM images ofthe fracture surfaces of PLA/MMT-ODA and neat PLA foamed in the temperature range 100-140 °C under different isobaric saturation conditions (14,21 and 28 MPa). Reprinted from [59], 2006, Elsevier Science.

As depicted in Fig. 5, both the protein molecule and the sorbent surface are electrically charged. In an aqueous environment, they are surrounded by counterions, which, together with the surface charge, form the so-called electrical double layer. The Gibbs energy of an electrical double layer, may be calculated as the isothermal, isobaric reversible work required to invoke the charge distribution in the double layer... 

This additive relationship may be applied to any other property of the system (i.e., viscosity, surface potential, etc.) under isothermal and isobaric conditions with the same result (Gaines, 1966). 

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