Ions, isolated, self-energy

An isolated ion (P, ig) may be assigned a self-energy, due to its being charged. Per mole of isolated ions the self-energy is... 

The energy required to charge an isolated sphere immersed in a dielectric medium is the self-energy of the charged sphere, W. Since Ws does not depend on the concentration of the ions, it will be absorbed in the value of g.°. The additional energy beyond Ws needed to charge the ion in the presence of all the other ions is the interaction energy Wi, whose value depends very much on the concentration of the ions. It is which we identify with... 

Rather than use either microwave (MW, 2.45 GHz) or radio frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) power to sustain our plasma, we often combine the two power sources to generate a so-called "mixed" (or dual-) frequency plasma, as shown in a schematic view of the plasma tqrparatus. Fig. 3 [15]. While MW excitation generates a high concoitration of active i redes in the gas phase, as pointed out above, the role of the RF power is to create a negative DC self-bias voltage Vg on the powered, electrically isolated substrate holder electrode. This causes ions to be accelerated 1 the potential drop (Vp-Vg) across the RF-induced plasma sheath, to their maximum kinetic energy... 

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