Iodixanol osmolality

Use nonionic and either low or iso-osmolal products ° Example, iodixanol... 

In the 1990s, to achieve iso-osmolality with plasma, various teams synthesized nonionic dimers, which resulted in the marketing of iotrolan and iodixanol. However, these compounds suffer from high levels of viscosity (at 20 °C and 320 mgl mL h iodixanol = 25.4 mPa.s vs 15.7 mPa.s for the ionic dimer sodium/ meglumine ioxaglate). 

Iodinated nonionic dimers iodixanol, iode-col, iofratol, and iotrol (or iotrolan) have respectively lower osmolalities (200, 320, 140, and 320 mOsm/kg HgO) and higher viscosities (8.7, 7.2, 8.5, and 8.1 mPa-s at 37°C) than those of iodinated nonionic monomers. Felder and de Haen (429) found unexpectedly that solution mixtures of iodinated nonionic monomers and dimers, such as iomeprol and iofratol, have a lower toxicity and a lower viscosity than those of either of the components and can supply a favorable iodine delivery rate through less invasive catheters during the injection, but have an intermediate osmolality compared to that of the pure solutions of the monomer and dimer components. 

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