Inversion transfer

Inverse transfer velocities can be interpreted as layer resistances. Thus, the resistance ratio ... 

NMR technique. NMR-active metal ions entrapped in the liposome can be differentiated from those outside by the addition of shift reagents such as Dy(III) or Gd(III) to the external phase. Then metal concentrations inside and outside the liposome can be determined directly. This is attractive for 7Li+, 23Na+, and 39K+ ions because of high sensitivities and natural abundances. The direct determination of the metal ion concentrations are attractive but limited only for slow kinetics. When the rate becomes faster, line shape analysis or magnetization-inversion transfer techniques are employed. The latter method has been successfully applied to gramicidin channels,143 144 but not to artificial ion channels. 

It has been shown that a 23-mer peptide of the same sequence as the transmembrane segment of M2fi forms ion channels in lipid bilayers with single-channel properties that emulate those of the acetylcholine channels. " The magnetization inversion transfer (MIT) technique, previously described, has been used to observe the transport of Na ions through the channel formed by bundles of the 23-mer incorporated into SDS micelles. ... 

Figure 4A.33 Sugar inversion. (Transferred from en.wlkipedia by Ronhjones available under Creative Commons.)...

For inverse transfer functions the amplitude ratio and phase angle can be derived from the property ... 

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