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Introduction and Theory

FIGURE 5.38 Sodium chloride plates and holder. (From Derry, P. and Barron, A., IR sample preparation A practical guide, http //cnx.Org/content/m43564/l.l/) [Pg.150]

Bending (another mode would bend the oxygen atoms forward and back relative to the plane of the diagram) [Pg.152]

In considering stretching vibrations, we can view the bond as a spring physics tells us that the frequency is given by Equation 5.7, where v is frequency, k is the force constant or stiffness of the spring, and fh (pronounced w-bar), the reduced mass, is Some simple illustrations [Pg.152]

Symmetric stretch Antisymmetric stretch Bending or scissoring [Pg.152]

Stretching frequencies of carbonyl groups are, when they are present, usually the dominant feature of an IR spectrum. The bond has a substantial dipole moment hence, the absorption is intense. [Pg.154]

Polarisation titrations are often referred to as amperometric or biamperometric titrations. It is necessary that one of the substances involved in the titration reaction be oxidizable or reducible at the working electrode surface. These titrations are based on generally on the principles of polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry. [Pg.328]

Amperometric titrations may also be carried out with twin polarised electrodes. Commonly used are a pair of platinum wire microelectrodes. It is important to remember that, in such a situation, whatever charge is apphed to one electrode will induce the opposite charge in the other. This may at times result in undesirable side reactions. Minimum effective potentials should always be used. In some cases, both the reactant (analyte) in the solution under analysis and the reactant in the titrant may behave reversibly at the electrodes. In some others, only the reactant (analyte) in the solution may act reversibly in others again, only the titrant reactant may act. [Pg.329]

The application of a fixed potential of 100 mV between the twin platinum microelectrodes in the solution before the start of the titration will result in a polarised electrode situation and only a minimal current will be observed, since [Pg.331]

Biamperometric titrations carried out on modern equipment usually involve stirred solutions, with the current versus volume of titrant being recorded continuously. 8uch titrations usually provide a dead-stop endpoint location. [Pg.333]

Amperometric titrations can be applied in the determination of analyte solutions as low as 10 M to 10 M in concentration. [Pg.333]


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