Intoxication invertebrate

As noted earlier, OPs are known to be highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and to fish. This has been demonstrated in field studies. For example, malathion applied to watercress beds caused lethal intoxication of the freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex located downstream (Crane et al. 1995). Kills of marine invertebrates have been reported following the application of OPs. Accidental release of OPs into rivers, lakes, and bays has sometimes caused large-scale fish kills (see Environmental Health Criteria 63). 

A more recent study performed on nC6 and hydrogenated fullerenes presents more detailed effects on hopping frequency, heart rate, appendage movement, and post-abdominal claw curling. The results show intoxication effects, which lead an invertebrate population to be more easily plundered (Lovem et al., 2007). 

Cordycepin (3 -deoxyadenosine) is formed from adenosine by direct reduction. h) Saxitoxin. Certain dinoflagellates form saxitoxin, which also accumulates in marine invertebrates, e.g., in mussels and in the Alaskan clam, which use dinoflagellates as food source. Saxitoxin is a very active neurotoxin for mammals and in the last years caused repeatedly intoxication of human beings. 

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