Trade international

PHARMACOKINETICS, DISTRIBUTION, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND RELATIONSHIP TO ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES 

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Making and MarketingEufural Added IZaluefor Agro-Industrial Wastes, International Trade Center UNCTAD/GATT, Geneva, 1979. 

United States International Trade Commission Publication 2933, Nov. 1995. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, 1970—1986, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals Pubhcation 776, U.S. International Trade Commission. 

In 1980, the last year for which a breakdown has been pubUshed, the amount of benzene derived from coal in the United States was 168,000 t or 2.5% of domestic benzene production. Coal-derived toluene was 0.8% of production, and xylenes from coal were only 0.1% of total chemical production (9). The amounts and proportions of BTX components derived from coal in the United States are expected to be nearly the same today as in 1980. Based on information submitted to the International Trade Commission, approximately 25 companies participated in the coal-tar industry in the United States in 1990. 

U.S. Industrial Outlook 1992, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

United States International Trade Commission (USITC), Synthetic Organic Chemicals—United States Production and Sales, 1990, pubhcation 2470, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1991 R. F. Bradley, A. Leder, and Y. Sakuma, Fluorocarbons, ia Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI latematioaal, Menlo Park, Calif., 1990, sections 543.7000—543.7003, plus 1992 supplemental data. 

Annual world iron ore production has hovered around 9 to 9.75 x 10 t since the mid-1980s. International trade of iron ore peaked in 1980 at 4.24 X 10 t otherwise it has remained fairly steady in the range of3.6to4x 10 t/yr per year since the mid-1980s. The main exporting countries are Brazil, AustraUa, India, Canada, South Africa, Russia, Ukraine, and Venezuela. 

Japan JISC,JIS, Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 1-3-1 Kusumigaseki Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100. 

The nameplate capacity of worldwide methanol plants is given by country in Table 2 (27). A significant portion of this capacity is based on natural gas feedstock. Percent utilization is expected to remain in the low 90s through the mid-1990s. A principal portion of this added capacity is expected to continue to come from offshore sources where natural gas, often associated with cmde oil production, is valued inexpensively. This has resulted in the emergence of a substantial international trade in methanol. In these cases, the cost of transportation is a relatively larger portion of the total cost of production than it is for domestic plants. 

The advent of a large international trade in methanol as a chemical feedstock has prompted additional purchase specifications, depending on the end user. Chlorides, which would be potential contaminants from seawater during ocean transport, are common downstream catalyst poisons likely to be excluded. Limitations on iron and sulfur can similarly be expected. Some users are sensitive to specific by-products for a variety of reasons. Eor example, alkaline compounds neutralize MTBE catalysts, and ethanol causes objectionable propionic acid formation in the carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid. Very high purity methanol is available from reagent vendors for small-scale electronic and pharmaceutical appHcations. 

When illegal residues have been found in monitoring studies conducted by the FDA or USD A, the reason has often been that no U.S. tolerance had been requested for that particular pesticide in that specific crop. For example, an imported crop would be deemed to be adulterated and would be seized at the port of entry into the United States if found to contain a pesticide residue in the absence of a tolerance in that crop. This is so even if tolerances have been set for the same pesticide in several crops grown in the United States and the pesticide had been used to control a pest that does not exist in the United States. Furthermore, an international maximum residue level (MRL) might already have been estabUshed for that pesticide—crop combination under the Codex system of standards for food of importance in international trade. The U.S. GAO issued two reports on food safety and pesticides in 1991 (89,90). 

The development of new aluminum carboxylates is evident in the Hterature. However, sales volume has decreased or the number of suppHers has been concentrated to such an extent that the U.S. International Trade Commission now reports data only for aluminum tristearate (867 t at 1.34/kg) (1). The aluminum carboxylates of most commercial interest according to the trade Hterature (2,3) are given in Table 1. 

Monohydroxyaluminum distearate, (HO)Al(OOC(CH2) gCH2)2, used to be the largest selling aluminum carboxylate (1). Although stiU sold, the product is no longer Hsted in the U.S. International Trade Commission Report (1) because of low volume or confidentiahty constraints because of too few supphers. Aluminum distearate is a white powder that is insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. A key property is its abiUty to gel vegetable oils and hydrocarbons. Aluminum distearate is prepared by the reaction of aqueous sodium stearate with aqueous aluminum sulfate or chloride at pH 7.3. Aluminum monostearate is formed if the sodium stearate solution is held at pH 9.5 (44). 

According to the U.S. International Trade Commission s Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Production and Sales, 1987, the three manufacturers of diphenylamine are Rubicon, Inc., Aristech Chemical Corp., and Uniroyal Chemical Co. No production figures have been given siace 1974, but U.S. production ia the range of 5,000—10,000 t/yr appears reasonable. 

United States Tariff Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1941—1943, 1946, 1956, 1966, 1975 United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, Pubhcation2118, 1987. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1988, United States International Trade Commission, U.S. Government Printing Office,... 

Conformance to ISO 9000 by U.S. companies was led by the chemical industry as a result of the importance of international trade to chemical companies. An ISO 9000 certification was once thought to be necessary for access to the European market (52). At the beginning of 1994, almost 20% of U.S. certifications went to chemical companies. The emphasis on registration continues at a fast pace, as certification is considered an important suppher selection criterion by U.S. chemical companies. 

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