Internal pressure rotation, energy

Pressure-recovery type vortex tubes, along with pressure-recovery type diffusers set atop the roof of the cyclone, are occasionally used to convert some of the rotational energy of the exiting gas back into static pressure. Based on data presented by Muschelknautz and Bruimer (1967), a modest amount of pressure recovery (15 to 20% reduction in vortex core pressure loss) can be achieved with a simple conically shaped vortex tube, such as that shown in frame g. More efficient recovery (35 to 40% loss reduction) is possible with a well-designed internal conical insert, such as that shown in frame h. Normally, such a vortex tube is directly connected to a wide-bodied outlet diffuser or exit scroll which sits atop the cyclone roof. 

Notice that the Erst case reflects the effect of pressure, and thus density, on the potential energy, i.e. on the magnitude of the intermolecular forces, while the second one, the effect of temperature on the internal (translational, rotational, and vibrational) energy of the molecules. 

For a temperature of 298.15 K, a pressure of 1 bar, and 1 mole of H2S, prepare a table of (1) the entropy (J/mol K), and separately the contributions from translation, rotation, each vibrational mode, and from electronically excited levels (2) specific heat at constant volume Cv (J/mol/K), and the separate contributions from each of the types of motions listed in (1) (3) the thermal internal energy E - Eo, and the separate contributions from each type of motion as before (4) the value of the molecular partition function q, and the separate contributions from each of the types of motions listed above (5) the specific heat at constant pressure (J/mol/K) (6) the thermal contribution to the enthalpy H-Ho (J/mol). 

Flow imparts both extension and rotation to fluid elements. Thus, polymer molecules will be oriented and stretched under these circumstances and this may result in flow-induced phenomena observed in polymer systems which include phase-changes, crystallization, gelation or fiber formation. More generally, the Gibbs free energy of polymer blends or solutions depends under non-equilibrium conditions not only on temperature, pressure and concentration but also on the conformation of the macromolecules (as an internal variable) and hence, it is sensitive to external forces. 

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