Intermediate conductivity nonaqueous

It is convenient to divide nonaqueous col lids into two categories - low and intermediate conductivity, which are schematically represented in Figure 1. Low conductivity (LC) colloids have very low concentrations of excess ions while intermediate conductivity (IC) colloids may have comparable concentrations of counterions and excess ions. Both LC and IC colloids are unlike aqueous systems in which the concentration of excess ions exceeds the concentration of counterions significantly. 

Figure 1. Schematic of low (left) and intermediate (right) conductivity nonaqueous colloids. Key 0, positively charged particles counterions +, positive excess ions and —, negative excess ions.

In a recent patent application, Angell et al. described a series of alkylammonimn PILs, which are potentially useful as nonaqueous electrolytes in high-temperature polymer membrane fuel cells. The PILs investigated were stable to temperatures between 200 and 250 C, had conductivities comparable to aqueous solutions, and could be enhanced through the addition of a base with a pA a value intermediate between that of the acid and the base. ... 

All six of the possible diatomic compounds between F, Cl, Br, and I are known (Table VI) and, except for BrF and IF, which are too unstable with respect to disproportionation to permit isolation at room temperature, they can be prepared by direct combination of the elements X2 and Y2. The properties of the compounds tend to be intermediate between those of the pure, parent halogens. Most add to carbon-carbon double bonds (Section IX. C), and some are useful as nonaqueous solvents. Liquid ICl, in particular, dissolves the chlorides of Group lA to give highly conducting solutions. 

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