Interfacial formation

SCHEME 5 Interfacial formation of dinuclear europium(III) complex. 

Interfacial formation of labile and charged complexes can facilitate a subsequent substitution reaction to produce an extractable complex. 

Case 2 The rate-determining step of the extraction reaction is the interfacial formation of the complex between the metal ion and the interfacially adsorbed extracting reagent. Here, the rate-determining step of the extraction reaction can be written as... 

The molecular recognition ability of Pd(II)-5-Br-PADAP for the isomers of diazine derivatives (abbreviated as Dzs or N) has been evaluated. PdLCl reacted with a neutral diazine with one or two nitrogen atoms, forming a PdLN+ complex at the toluene-water interface. The interfacial formation constant (fii) of the PdLN+ complex was determined as follows [38] ... 

A linear relationship was obtained between the logarithmic interfacial formation constant (log / ,) for PdL+-diazine derivative complexes and the logarithmic ratio of the distribution constant (A D) to the acid-dissociation constant (Ka) for the two groups. PdL+-pyridazine derivative complexes showed much higher stability at the interface than pyrimidine and pyrazine derivative complexes. This result suggests that pyridazine derivative complexes become more... 

L ML+ k, formation rate constant in bulk aqueous phase + L MLj " k, interfacial formation rate constant. 

A linear relationship was obtained between the logarithmic interfacial formation constant (log P ) for PdL+-diazine derivative complexes and the logarithmic ratio of... 

The catalytic action of lipophilic TAA salts—PT catalysts consists in continuous interfacial formation of lipophilic ion pairs with inorganic or organic anions and transfer of them into an organic phase where further processes take place. In such systems most of the reactions can be carried out without organic solvents or in highly concentrated solutions. Thanks to that, PTC is of great practical value in organic synthesis and have found wide application in the chemical industry. 

In path 3 (Fig. 17) the initial system is set at SAD = 0 or at SAD slightly positive, and a formulation change shifts it to SAD = 0. This can happen by changing the temperature (emulsification by the PIT method) (215) or formulation, so that the siufactant passes from one phase to the other, often producing a spontaneous emulsification. Another way to trigger an easy emulsification is by adding an alkaline aqueous solution that reacts with carboxylic acids present in the oil phase and results in interfacial formation of surface-active substances (216). 

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