Inter-pulse

NMR Spectroscopy. All proton-decoupled carbon-13 spectra were obtained on a General Electric GN-500 spectrometer. The vinylldene chloride isobutylene sample was run at 24 degrees centigrade. A 45 degree (3.4us) pulse was used with a Inter-pulse delay of 1.5s (prepulse delay + acquisition time). Over 2400 scans were acquired with 16k complex data points and a sweep width of +/- 5000Hz. Measured spin-lattice relaxation times (Tl) were approximately 4s for the non-protonated carbons, 3s for the methyl groups, and 0.3s for the methylene carbons. 

The PVA sample was run at 55 degrees centigrade. A 90 degree (6.8us) pulse was used with a inter-pulse delay of 2.1s. Exactly 800 scans were acquired with 16k complex data points and a sweep width of +/-2000 Hz. 

Answer The inter-pulse increment was set to zero, producing a small, constant delay rather than an incremented delay. There is no frequency evolution between successive spectra, so this is a two-dimensional plot of a one-dimensional spectrum. It is complete with tr noise ... 

RW simulations were performed to demonstrate that the use of suited inter-pulse delays tp in 2H NMR solid- and stimulated-echo experiments allows one to resolve spatially highly restricted reorientations.76 For this purpose, it was assumed that C-2H bonds (t] — 0) show rotational random jumps (cf Fig. 25) where all possible... 

This sequence did not suffer from any phase problems associated with rapid attenuator switching (i.e. lower power shaped pulses to high power square pulses and vice versa) as all pulse were high power square waves, and no optimizations were required as only the inter-pulse delay can be altered. The inter-pulse delay (t, see Equation (2)) controls the bandwidth of suppression (i.e. the longer the delay the narrower the suppression region) and the frequency of higher order notches. ... 

A) Presaturation with optimized carrier position and pulse width that was used for all subsequent hard pulses, (B) Presat90 with the same parameters, (C) PresatlSO with an independently optimized 180° pulse length, (D) WEFT/NOESY with the same carrier and pulse width as optimized in the previous experiments and a 100 ms mixing time, (E) WET (118 us inter-pulse delay) with optimized... 

In the MGC of M. sexta a small group of PNs has been found that appear to discriminate the duration and inter pulse of pheromone plumes at moderate frequency rates (10 Hz) [61]. 

We found differences in the temporal nature of urinary release in two fish species. Ruffe release urine less often (different pulse frequency and inter-pulse interval) than goldfish, but the duration of each urination is the same as goldfish. As a result, ruffe spend considerably less total time urinating than goldfish (i.e. likely release less urine). This conclusion is supported by data from catheterized fish demonstrating that goldfish typically produce 0.75 ml of urine in 1.5 h while the same volume is produced in 6 h by ruffe. Future studies should closely examine urinary release in pheromone-releasing females of both species in association with female behavior and the effect of these patterns on male behavior. 

Na longitudinal relaxation times (7j ) of the cheese samples were determined by the mono-exponential fitting of the recovery curves obtained fi om inversion-recovery (ER.) experiments (8 inter-pulse delays from 5 to 300 ms). The mono-exponential 7 relaxation behaviour could be attributed to total sodium ions evolving in an isotropic environment, as found in aqueous solutions. However, the two Lorentzian lines of the SQ spectra and the detection of DQ signals (see 2.2.3) for the three cheeses indicates that this... 

Inter-pulse spectroscopy uses the QCL in pulsed mode (normally at or close to room temperature). A short current-pulse to the laser (in the range 0.1 -10 ps) is superimposed on a slowly varying current or temperature ramp as a result, controlled wavelength scanning is achieved. The current pulse needs to be tailored carefully in its amplitude and duration for optimum performance, since the pulsing introduces a frequency chirp, which may adversely affect the laser line width. The typical tuning range for this technique is on the order of 1 -2 cm with repetition... 

Figure 14. Pulse sequence Pot the Davies ENDOR (a) and Mims ENDOR (b) experiments. The inter-pulse delays are kept constant while the radio frequency is incremented over the desired frequency range. Modified with permission from [7]. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.

A positive inter-pulse bias voltage between 0.4 and 0.8 V versus Ag AgCl can increase the charge injection capacity of iridium oxide up to as high as three... 

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