Insulin gluconeogenesis affected

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, is regulated by several hormones, all of which affect the transcription of the PEP-CK gene. Cortisol, glucagon, and thyroxin induce PEP-CK, while insulin inhibits its induction (see p. 158). 

Although insulin and diabetes are likely to affect carbohydrate metabolism in most tissues of the body, this discussion will center on their effect in muscle and liver. Fundamental differences between carbohydrate metabolism in muscle (no gluconeogenesis) and in liver (active gluconeogenesis) necessitate discussing the effect of insulin and diabetes on these organs separately. 

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