Insulin concentration

The short-term or acute effects of the P-agonists may be different from chronic effects. Acute Hpolysis and glycogenolysis are not observed beyond the first day or two of treatment. Exact mechanisms of action on Hpid metaboHsm may differ among species. Chronic effects of the P-agonists reduce circulating insulin concentrations ST treatment causes an opposite change. Whereas residue levels may be of concern with adrninistration of several of the P-agonists, such is not the case for ST or GRE. 

Glucagon also has been used to diagnose insulinoma and pheochromocytoma. For the former, the rise in plasma insulin concentration following... 

The increase in insulin concentrations produced by sulphonylureas lowers blood glucose concentrations through decreased hepatic glucose output and increased glucose utilisation, mostly by muscle ( insulin, insulin receptor). 

Lukaszewicz-Hussain A, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Pawlowska D. 1985. Blood glucose and insulin concentration in rats subjected to physical exercise in acute poisoning with parathion-methyl. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 37 647-651. 

Fig. 7. Systemic (a) human insulin concentration and (b) glucose response following infusion of human insulin from external pump, 5 months postimplantation (Dziubla et ai, 2002).

Insulin, whatever its source, may be formulated in a number of ways, generally in order to alter its pharmacokinetic profile. Fast (short)-acting insulins are those preparations that yield an elevated blood insulin concentration relatively quickly after their administration (which is usually by s.c. or, less commonly, by i.m. injection). Slow-acting insulins, on the other hand, enter the circulation... 

P3-adrenergic receptor Altered leptin and insulin concentrations after agonist treatment [66]... 

Pastors, J. G., Blaisdell, P. W., Balm, T. K., Asplin, C. M., and Pohl, S. L. (1991). Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53,1431-1435. 

MR examinations followed after the first (24 h), third (72 h) and fifth (120 h) day of fasting. Blood samples for measurements of plasma FFAs, glucose, and insulin concentrations were taken parallel to each MRS examination. 

Figure 6.32 The effect of ingestion of 75 g of glucose on the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin. Normal volunteers drank a solution containing 75 g of glucose on an empty stomach. Note that the insulin concentration increases by about 10-fold whereas the glucose concentration increases by about 50%. Data kindly provided by Professor G. Dimitriadis.

As mentioned above, insulin secretion by p-cells of the pancreatic islets increases in response to increasing glucose concentrations. In the insulin-resistant state, despite insulin concentrations that are increased two- to three-fold, there is an excessive rate of liver-glucose production. In addition, skeletal muscle glucose disposal in response to insulin is markedly decreased. This results in increased glucose concentrations. This inability to control glucose concentrations, is referred to as impaired glucose tolerance and may ultimately lead to type-2 diabetes. 

A). In the obese, the maximum binding possible (plateau of curve) is displaced downward, indicative of the reduction in receptor numbers. Also, at low insulin concentrations, there is less binding of insulin, compared with the control condition. For a given metabolic effect a certain number of receptors must be occupied. As shown by the binding curves (dashed lines), this can still be achieved with a reduced receptor number, although only at a higher concentration of insulin. 

A. Insulin concentration and binding in normal and overweight subjects... 

Insulin concentrations determined by radioimmune assays are lower... 

Insulin concentrated Treatment of diabetic patients with marked insulin resistance (requirements greater than 200 units/day). 

Only use if the solution is clear and colorless with no particles visible. INSULIN CONCENTRATED Administer subcutaneously. Do not inject IM or IV. 

Tao and Kennedy (9) also used a competitive approach to determine the dissociation constants of unlabeled insulins from several species to an antibody by fitting bound over free FITC-insulin as a function of unlabeled insulin concentration. The Kd values for the different insulins were between... 

II.f.1.3. Insulin delivery. Traditionally insulin was given intramuscularly and later subcutaneously. New technology has provided devices for insulin administrations including pen-devices, air powered injectors, external insulin infusion pumps (or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII), and implantable insulin infusion pumps. Some novel forms of insulin delivery have been introduced, for example intranasal insulin gives peak insulin concentrations at 10-20 minutes after administration, but most insulin is still administered subcutaneously. 

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