Instability constant ratios

The value of the instability constant (i.e., the concentration, indicated in brackets) ratios for the preceding is... 

The example demonstrates that the instability and consequent energy dissipation, similar to those in the Tomlinson model, do exist in a real molecule system. Keep in mind, however, that it is observed only in a commensurate system in which the lattice constants of two monolayers are in a ratio of rational value. For incommensurate sliding, the situation is totally different. Results shown in Fig. 21(b) were obtained under the same conditions as those in Fig. 21 (a), but from an incommensurate system. The lateral force and tilt angle in Fig. 21(b) fluctuate randomly and no stick-slip motion is observed. In addition, the average lateral force is found much smaller, about one-fifth of the commensurate one. 

Craze growth occurs in a lateral direction by advance of a thin finger-like craze tip by the meniscus instability mechanism. Crazes increase in thickness by a surface drawing mechanism in which more polymer is drawn into the craze fibrils at essentially constant extension ratio X from the craze-bulk polymer interface. 

To reduce variations due to instrumental drifts and instabilities, the common procedure in stable isotope analyses is to compare the ratio in a sample to that of a standard that is assumed to have a constant and known isotopic ratio. Isotope ratios are therefore reported in their normalized difference form as delta values, where... 

The classical linear stability theory for a planar interface was formulated in 1964 by Mullins and Sekerka. The theory predicts, under what growth conditions a binary alloy solidifying unidirectionally at constant velocity may become morphologically unstable. Its basic result is a dispersion relation for those perturbation wave lengths that are able to grow, rendering a planar interface unstable. Two approximations of the theory are of practical relevance for the present work. In the thermal steady state, which is approached at large ratios of thermal to solutal diffusivity, and for concentrations close to the onset of instability the characteristic equation of the problem... 

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