Bases inorganic

Phosphorus pentoxide Formic acid, HF, inorganic bases, metals, oxidants, water... 

Inorganic Analysis Acid-base titrimetry is a standard method for the quantitative analysis of many inorganic acids and bases. Standard solutions of NaOH can be used in the analysis of inorganic acids such as H3PO4 or H3ASO4, whereas standard solutions of HCl can be used for the analysis of inorganic bases such as Na2C03. 

The HCl by-product of the amidation reaction is neutralized by also dissolving an inorganic base in the aqueous layer in interfacial polymerization. The choice of the organic solvent plays a role in determining the properties of the polymer produced, probably because of differences in solvent goodness for the resulting polymer. Since this reaction is carried out at low temperatures, the complications associated with side reactions can be kept to a minimum. 

Furfuryl alcohol, on long storage, becomes progressively darker and less water soluble, a change that is also caused by heat, acidity, and exposure to air. The reactions responsible for this change in water solubiUty may be retarded by the addition in small quantity of an organic or inorganic base. Commercial furfuryl alcohol, however, usually does not contain any additives. 

Propylene oxide [75-56-9] is manufactured by either the chlorohydrin process or the peroxidation (coproduct) process. In the chlorohydrin process, chlorine, propylene, and water are combined to make propylene chlorohydrin, which then reacts with inorganic base to yield the oxide. The peroxidation process converts either isobutane or ethylbenzene direcdy to an alkyl hydroperoxide which then reacts with propylene to make propylene oxide, and /-butyl alcohol or methylbenzyl alcohol, respectively. Table 1 Hsts producers of propylene glycols in the United States. 

Pigment Blue 60 [81-77-6] 69800 indanthrone intermolecular condensation of 2-amino-anthtaquinone in presence of a strong inorganic base and oxidi2ing agent... 

Because almost any diacid can be leaddy converted to the acid chloride, this reaction is quite versatile and several variations have been developed. In the interfacial polymerization method the reaction occurs at the boundary of two phases one contains a solution of the acid chloride in a water-immiscible solvent and the other is a solution of the diamine in water with an inorganic base and a surfactant (48). In the solution method, only one phase is present, which contains a solution of the diamine and diacid chloride. An organic base is added as an acceptor for the hydrogen chloride produced in the reaction (49). Following any of these methods of preparation, the polymer is exposed to water and the acid chloride end is converted to a carboxyhc acid end. However, it is very difficult to remove all traces of chloride from the polymer, even with repeated washings with a strong base. 

Mild acid converts it to the product and ethanol. With the higher temperatures required of the cyano compound [1003-52-7] (15), the intermediate cycloadduct is converted direcdy to the product by elimination of waste hydrogen cyanide. Often the reactions are mn with neat Hquid reagents having an excess of alkene as solvent. Polar solvents such as sulfolane and /V-m ethyl -pyrrol i don e are claimed to be superior for reactions of the ethoxy compound with butenediol (53). Organic acids, phenols, maleic acid derivatives, and inorganic bases are suggested as catalysts (51,52,54,59,61,62) (Fig. 6). 

Alcohols react with boric acid with elimination of water to form borate esters, B(OR)3. A wide variety of borate salts and complexes have been prepared by the reaction of boric acid and inorganic bases, amines, and heavy-metal cations or oxyanions (44,45). Fusion with metal oxides yields... 

Heterocyclic Alcohols. Thek reactions with chloroformates lead to carbonates. Thus furan- and tetrahydrofuran-derived alcohols give the corresponding carbonates in 75% yield (15). Inorganic bases and tertiary amines as acid acceptors increase the rate and yield in this reaction. 

Amines. Primary and secondary aUphatic amines also yield carbamates in the presence of excess amine or other acid acceptors such as inorganic bases. Aromatic primary and secondary amines and heterocycHc amines react similarly, although slowly. 

Ch oline in the form of choline base (hydroxide) is a strong organic base with a pH of approximately 14. This product can have industrial apphcations where it is important to replace inorganic bases with organic materials. Ch oline base is currently used in the formulation of photoresist stripping products for use in the printed wire board industry. Dilute aqueous solutions (5%) of ch oline base that have very low concentrations of metallic ions have been utilized for apphcations in the semiconductor industry. 

Ail Pollution Emissions and Controls Inorganic Base Manufacture... 

Acetylene, fulminic acid (produced in ethanol - nitric acid mixtures), ammonia Acetic acid, acetone, alcohol, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulphide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, or nitratable substances, paper, cardboard or rags Inorganic bases, amines Silver, mercury... 

If the final product is prone to D-homo rearrangement during the hydrolysis step, cleavage of the oxalolactone with ethylenediamine instead of inorganic base avoids this complication. ... 

Treatment of nitrofurazans bearing an electron-withdrawing group with an anhydrous solid inorganic base (Na2C03, NaOAc, KCN, and other) in dry acetonitrile... 

From the different organic and inorganic bases, the monopotassium carbonate appears as the best one, affording a quantitative yield in aryl ether. 

Most thiirene dioxides (and oxides) have been prepared through a modified Ramberg-Backlund reaction as the last crucial cyclization step, as illustrated in equation 40 for the benzylic series . Synthesis of thiirene dioxides requires two major modifications of the originally employed reaction first, the inorganic base has to be replaced by the less basic and less nucleophilic triethylamine - and second, the aqueous media has to be substituted by an aprotic organic solvent (e.g. methylene chloride). Under these mild reaction conditions the isolation of aryl-substituted thiirene dioxides (and oxides) is feasible . In fact, this is the most convenient way for the preparation of the aryl-disubstituted three-membered ring sulfones and sulfoxides. ... 

Neutralise acidity (e.g. deriving from acidic catalyst residues) effectively. Commonly salts of weak organic acids (metal stearates) or inorganic bases (hydrotalcite). Also called antiacids. 

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