Inner innervations

The intercallated C2 and d, zones receive long latency projections through the DF-SOCP, bilateral to the Cj zone, ipsilateral to d,. In addition a pathway in the lateral funiculus of the cord (LF-SOCP) (Larson et al., 1969b) provides a bilateral long-latency input to the C2 zone and the DLF-SOCP innervates the dj zone. Climbing fibers inner-... 

The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) originate in the inner medullar region of the adrenal glands. Stimulation of the adrenal by the sympathetic nervous system leads to secretion of catecholamines into the bloodstream. In addition, adipose tissue is itself directly innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Various types of metabolic stress trigger the sympathetic nervous system to release its neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, directly into adipose where its effects on the adipocyte are mediated by specific plasma membrane adrenoreceptors. Rapid reflex responses are primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, whereas more long-term (i.e., on the scale of hours, days, and weeks) and/or basal effects are subject to regulation by catecholamine secretion. 

In the auditory system, FGF-2 (immunoreactivity) has been localized to developing inner hair cells, spiral ganglion cells (Despres et al, 1991), and distinct neuron populations of auditory relay nuclei (Riedel et al, 1995 cf Luo et al, 1995, however). Localization of FGF-2 to the cochlea might be arte-factual, since its mRNA was not detected there at any age (Luo et al, 1993). However, both developing hair cells and spiral ganglionic neurons have been shown to express FGF-1 mRNA (Luo et al, 1993, 1995), suggesting that FGF-1 may be involved in the establishment of cochlear innervation. 

The intrinsic innervation of the GIT is considered as a separate autonomic division, called the enteric nervous system (ENS) (Schemann and Neunlist 2004). Neurons and enteric glia of the ENS are embedded within the gut wall and arranged in three plexuses (Hall 2011). The myenteric (Auerbach s) plexus is located between the inner and outer circular muscle layers and the submucosal (Meissner s) plexus between the circular muscle and muscularis mucosa. The deep muscle plexus separates inner and outer circular muscle layers in the small intestine. In the large intestine, it is located at the inner border of circular muscle and is called submucosal plexus. 

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