Initial experiments

Based on the results from the initial experiments ultrasonic equipment and transducers for the scanning system were selected. Also a measuring chamber with transducer fixtures was constructed and manufactured for measurement on the tubes directly on the drawing bench. 

For initial experience in the uae of Uthium, the preparation of either p-toluic acid or of a-napbtboic acid mcay be undertaken. For the former, p-bromotoluene is converted into the lithium derivative and the latter carbonated with soUd carbon dioxide ... 

A number of devices suggest the possibiUty of improvement in the basic limitations of resolution and sensitivity for single-photon instmmentation. One device (24) employs an array of pinholes in a hemispherical shield that Hes inside a hemispherical soHd-state detector array. Simulations and initial experience using early models have suggested that the device could achieve a resolution in the brain of less than 3 or 4 mm and possibly as low as 1 mm. 

Interface states played a key role in the development of transistors. The initial experiments at Bell Laboratories were on metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) stmctures in which the intent was to modulate the conductance of a germanium layer by applying a voltage to the metal plate. However, only - 10% of the induced charges were effective in charging the conductance (3). It was proposed (2) that the ineffective induced charges were trapped in surface states. Subsequent experiments on surface states led to the discovery of the point-contact transistor in 1948 (4). 

The resolution of infra-red densitometry (IR-D) is on the other hand more in the region of some micrometers even with the use of IR-microscopes. The interface is also viewed from the side (Fig. 4d) and the density profile is obtained mostly between deuterated and protonated polymers. The strength of specific IR-bands is monitored during a scan across the interface to yield a concentration profile of species. While in the initial experiments on polyethylene diffusion the resolution was of the order of 60 pm [69] it has been improved e.g. in polystyrene diffusion experiments [70] to 10 pm by the application of a Fourier transform-IR-microscope. This technique is nicely suited to measure profiles on a micrometer scale as well as interdiffusion coefficients of polymers but it is far from reaching molecular resolution. 

Independently, Caddick et al. reported microwave-assisted amination of aryl chlorides using a palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene complex as the catalyst (Scheme 99) [lOlj. Initial experiments in a domestic microwave oven (reflux conditions) revealed that the solvent is crucial for the reaction. The Pd source also proved very important, since Pd(OAc)2 at high power in DMF gave extensive catalyst decomposition and using it at medium and low power gave no reaction at all. Pd(dba)2/imidazohum salt (1 mol% catalyst loading) in DME with the addition of some DMF was found to be suitable. Oil bath experiments indicated that only thermal effects are governing the amination reactions. 

The issue of flow rate is of particular importance when a method is being developed to determine more than one analyte since the dependency of signal intensity on flow rate is likely to be different for each. This is demonstrated in the development of an LC-MS method for the analysis of a number of pesticides [3], the structures of which are shown in Figure 5.1. Initial experiments to determine the MS-MS transitions to monitor, shown in Table 5.2, and the optimum collision cell conditions were carried out by using flow-injection analysis. 

This development was technologically successful and E-plastomers are widely recognized to be very effective impact modifiers for iPP. In initial experiments, binary blends of iPP were compounded with EPDM, E-plastomers, or SEES as the elastomeric phase. In comparison to the known modifiers, such as EPDM or SEES, the binary blends with E-plastomers have properties which strongly depend on the amount and the identity of the E-plastomer. Thus, the addition of... 

Purpose To determine, from eight initial experiments performed under certain conditions, whether the three controlled parameters have an effect on the measurement, and which model is to be used. This factorial approach to optimization is an alternative to the use of multidimensional simplex algorithms it has the advantage of remaining transparent to the user. 

EL), conjugated polymers are also of interest as materials for optically or electrically pumped stimulated emission. For effects of this type, the ratio of stimulated emission to photoinduced absorption (PA) is of particular interest for conjugated polymers. In this context, the orign of the PA is controversial the PA can be a result of the formation of either charge-separated polaron pair -states or excimers. Initial experiments support the conjecture that LPPP 26 is significantly superior [49], as the stimulated emission of LPPP 26 is markedly more intense than that of PPV under comparable conditions. 

Wilson R, Fulmer T. Initial experiences with wireless, pen-based computing. Public Health Nurs 1998 15(3) 225-32. 

After initial experiments demonstrating that the antiserum was capable of completely inhibiting the binding of [ H]PbTx-3 to its receptor site in rat brain membranes (Figure 9), we began studies designed to evaluate potential of the antiserum for prophylaxis and treatment of brevetoxin intoxication (34). The tethered rat model was used, and surgical implantations were identical to those described above. Heart rate, core and peripheral body temperatures, lead VIO ECG, and arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously. Respiratory rate was recorded each 5 min for the first 3 hr, then each 15 min until 6 hr. 

Choi JY, Wojner AW, Cale RT, Gergen P, DeGioanni J, Grotta JC. Telemedicine physician providers augmented acute stroke care delivery in rural Texas An initial experience. Telemed J E Health 2004 10 S90-S94. 

The initial experiments were carried out using zeolite Y modified with racemic... 

Six initial experiments were carried out at the same batch time (355.6 dimensionless undisclosed units) varying the temperature, the ratio of reactants (ns/ ,i)o, and the feed time. The results of these experiments are given in Table 5.4-17. 

Optimization sequence (experimental data, arbitrary units) Runs 1 and 2 are initial experiments. From run 3 to run 6 the amounts of A, B, G, and feed rate of G are fixed. These constraints are relaxed for runs 7 and 8. (Reprinted from Marchal-Brassely et al. (1992), Optimal operation of a semi-batch reactor by self-adaptive models for temperature and feed profiles . Copyright (1992), with permission from Elsevier Science). 

Snyder, L. R., Dolan, J. W. Initial experiments in high-performance liquid chromatographic method development. I. Use of a starting gradient run. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 721, 3-14. 

IAEA/AL/095 1996). Both methods were suitable, but needed to be repeated several times to produce the small particle size that was required. The particle size reduction, e.g. of IAEA-395 from a median size of 30 pm to 3.5 pm, improved the homogeneity of elements. Sampling constants (the minimum mass that can be used to achieve a random error of i % at the 65 % confidence level) improved from a factor of 1.2 for Sc, up to a factor of 800 for Au. The average improvement was about a factor of 2-10. (Ni Bangfa et al. 1996). From these initial experiences, it is dear that preparation of reference materials is critical with respect to the final particle size distribution, which should exhibit a low maximum (<50 pm) and a narrow range in particle sizes. Milling techniques to meet such criteria are available today, and materials that show intrinsic uniformity are particularly suitable to achieve the desired properties. 

Step 1. Perform a series of initial experiments (based on a factorial design) to obtain initial estimates for the parameters and their covariance matrix. 

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