Inflammation and inflammatory

Calder P. C. (2006). n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83 1505S 1519S. 

Parke DV, Parke AL. Chemical-induced inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 1996 9(3) 211—17. 

Ramji, D., Sang, S., Liu, Y., Rosen, R. T., Ghai, G., Ho, C. T., Yang, C. S., and Huang, M. T. 2005. Effect of black tea theaflavins and related benzotropolone derivatives on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced mouse ear inflammation and inflammatory mediators. In Phenolic compounds in foods and natural health products, ed. F. Shahidi and C. T. Ho, 242-53. Washington, DC American Chemical Society. 

Arthritis histological scoring is the standard method to evaluate the extent of inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration into the joint. This technique, however, is not used describe or quantitate the different types of immune cells that enter the joints. 

Acute phase reactants (e.g., C-reactive protein) are proteins that increase during inflammation and are deposited in damaged tissues. They were first discovered in the serum, but are now known to be involved in inflammatory processes in the brain (e.g., found in the brain of Alzheimer patients and associated with amyloid plaques). 

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

The wide range of inflammation-related factors that adipocytes secrete is linked to the inflammatory response that the tissue exhibits in obesity [1]. Obesity in general, like an increasing number of other diseases, is characterised by a state of mild chronic inflammation, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this. The production of most inflammation-related adipokines increases markedly in obesity and there is an elevated circulating level of a number of these factors as well as of other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The increased production of inflammatory adipokines (and decreased production of adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory action) in the obese is considered to play a critical role in the development of the obesity-associated pathologies, particularly type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. 

Current evidence suggests that PPAR activation may limit inflammation and hence atherosclerosis. Both PPAR-a and PPAR-y can reduce T-cell activation, as shown by decreased production of EFN-y. PPAR-a agonists also rqness endothelial VCAM-1 expression and inhibit the inflammatory activation of vascular SMCs, while PPAR-y agonists repress endothelial chemokine expression and decrease macrophage MMP production. 

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore steroids represent the most important and most frequently used medication. Already after the fust treatment, steroids reduce cellular infiltration, inflammation, and the LAR, whereas changes in the EAR require prolonged treatment to lower the existent IgE levels. The mechanisms of steroid actions are complex and only incompletely understood. Besides their general antiinflammatory properties (see chapter glucocorticoids), the reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 production from T-lymphocytes is particularly important for asthma therapy. The introduction of inhaled steroids, which have dramatically limited side effects of steroids, is considered one of the most important advancements in asthma therapy. Inhaled steroids (beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, triamcinolone, momethasone) are used in mild, moderate, and partially also in severe asthma oral steroids are used only in severe asthma and the treatment of status asthmaticus. Minor side effects of most inhaled steroids are hoarseness and candidasis, which are avoided by the prodrug steroid ciclesonide. 

CD C14 C14.001 Caspase-1 Potential drug target for down-regulation of the inflammatory mediator, interleukin 1beta, which could ameliorate inflammation and endotoxic shock... 

Acetaminophen is a nonsalicylate nonnarcotic analgesic whose mechanism of action is unknown. Lake the salicylates, acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic activity. However, acetaminophen does not possess antiinflammatory action and is of no value in the treatment of inflammation or inflammatory disorders. 

Severe acute and chronic allergic and inflammatory processes, keratitis, allergic corneal marginal ulcers, herpes zoster of the eye, iritis, iridocyclitis, chorioretinitis, diffuse posterior uveitis, optic neuritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, anterior segment inflammation... 

The ghicocorticoids are used as replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency, to treat allergic reactions, collagen diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus), dermatologic conditions, rheumatic disorders, shock, and other conditions (see Display 50-1). The anti-inflammatory activity of these hormones make them valuable as anti-inflammatories and as immunosuppressants to suppress inflammation and modify the immune response... 

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