Industrial fertilizers

Fertilizer industry Fertilizer products Fertilizer requirements Fertilizers... 

Sulfur displays rich and varied chemical behavior, but from the commercial standpoint, sulfuric acid dominates the chemistry of this element. Sulfuric acid is used in every major chemical-related industry fertilizers (60% of annual production), chemical manufacture (6%), petroleum refining (5%), metallurgy (5%), detergents, plastics,... 

For industrial fertilizer production reliable ammonia concentration data are essential. An experimental setup for acoustic chemometric prediction of ammonia concentration has been tested in a full-scale industrial plant. Figure 9.22 shows a bypass loop with the orifice plate. The acoustic sensor was again mounted onto the orifice plate [5]. To ensure constant differential pressure and temperature of the ammonia flow, two pressure transmitters and one temperature sensor were used. Reference samples were taken at the sample valve shown in Figure 9.22. 

Some important biogenic elements, such as phosphorus,caIcium and magnesium, have their own characteristic sedimentation cycle. In this type of cycle, elements from biological systems are continuously lost due to erosion and excessive use in economic activities (e.g. phosphorus in the form of industrial fertilizers, detergents, etc.) and they axe finally stored in the sea. 

Phosphates — if of organic origin — have an important indicator value as the soil complex retains them strongly by both sorption processes and chemical reactions. Phosphates of inorganic origin (e.g. industrial fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors), or those which were formed by plant degradation are not significant as indicators of faecal contamination [27-32]. 

Fig. 3.39. Schematic illustration of the effect of pollutants on water quality in a re cipient. 1 — pollutants from the atmosphere, 2 — municipal wastewaters, 3 — sewers, 4 — industrial wastewaters, 5 — surface run-off, 6 — sul>surface run-off, 7 — contribution from non-inhibited areas, 8 — waste depots 8a — municipal, 8b — communal, 8c — sludge from wastewater treatment plants, 9 — agriculture and forestry 9a — animal production and natural fertilizers, 9b — industrial fertilizers and pesticides... 

The BOD5 value and other parameters characterizing wastewaters are important also for assessment of the possibilities of biological wastewater treatment. Wastewaters from inorganic based industry (e.g. from the production plants of industrial fertilizers, production of soda, from ass and ceramic industries) whose BOD5 values are lower than 50 mg 1 cannot be biologically treated [40-42]. 

From the viewpoint of water management the application of high doses of industrial fertilizers as one of the important intensifying factors in plant production for the increase of acreage yields is unfavourably manifested in the increasing rate of surface and groundwater poUution. Non-industrial pollution of water resources in developed countries amounts already to about 60% and the contribution of industrial fertilizers is significant. 

The problem of losses of potassium or magnesium is largely an economic problem and together with other elements it does not pose a serious threat to the water quality in water resources from the hygienic viewpoint. The values presented in Table 3.59 yield information on the contribution of biogenous elements to water contamination which can be expected due to the infiltration of nutrients from industrial fertilizers. 

Plants usually require weakly acid to neutral soils, in which most biogenic elements occur in utilizable forms. Soil bacteria prefer neutral soils, and weakly acid soils are advantageous for fungi. The soil acidity is usually adjusted by soil liming, which should be accompanied by the application of organic fertilizers and suitable industrial fertilizers [3-6]. 

Pesticides and industrial fertilizers are the chief chemical substances used intentionally in the agriculture. Both are important sources of soil pollution. 

Industrial fertilizers. These were the first products of the chemical industry to be used in agriculture in large amounts. They complement nutrients in the soil. Depending on the contents of the main nutrients, they may be divided into single-component and combined fertilizers. The singlecomponent fertilizers may be classified into the following groups ... 

By means of plants (used as food) and water, the soil pollutants threaten human and animal organisms and disturb natural cycles. Concentrations of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb) and also other toxic metals, such as Zn, Se and As in soils are continually increasing by the action of intense human activity (civilization, industrialization, road transport). Frequently used pesticides and industrial fertilizers also make considerable contributions to the soil pollution. 

NHs, H2SO4, Chemical industry, fertilizers, HNO3 agriculture... 

Ammonia is often used in industry for the production of nitric acid, industrial fertilizers, explosives, polymers, pharmaceutical products, rubber, it is used in petrochemical industry, and it serves as a cooling medium. 

Source FAO [2] for actual and The World Bank/FAOAJMDO/Industry Fertilizer Working Group Meeting, August 1995 for projections. Demand projections for subregions in Africa are from Bumb [3). 

Source The World Bank/FAO/UNIDO/Industry Fertilizer ... 

Source The World Bank/FAOAJNIDO/Industry Fertilizer Working Group Meeting, August 1995. 

Smith, D. J., and Van der Schijff, O. J. (1989). Corrosion of galvanized steel and carbon steel in deaerated aqueous solutions of industrial fertilizer chemicals. Br. Corros. J., 24(3), 189-191. 

Keratin is the group of struaural protein present in skin, hair, nail, feather, and wool. Keratin is a very robust and inert biopolymer. Structurally, it is a superhehx comprised of a hehx and P pleated polypeptides linked by hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges. Animal waste from poultry industry, meat processing and fur processing industry are usual commercial sources of keratin. Keratin is used in large quantities in feed industry, cosmetic industry, fertilizer industry, cement industry, and ceramic industry. 

Fertilizer and Minerals for Industry. Fertilizers contain minerals that have nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and a few other elements necessary for the growth of plants. In Peru, deposits of guano (seabird excrement), which is rich in these elements, have been mined and used as fertilizer. Saltpeter (potassium nitrate) has also been mined in Peru. A calcium phosphate mineral, apatite, occurs in some sedimentary rocks, so some of these have been mined for the phosphorus. 

Industrial fertilizer synthesis starts from ammonia synthesis, and ammonia is then easily oxidized in a separate reactor to nitric oxide over PtRh wire gauze catalyst. Formation of nitric acid requires further oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and absorption of the nitrogen dioxide in water. Overall, three different chemical process plants are used for the synthesis of nitric acid. The ammonia synthesis reaction takes place in a high-tem-perature, high-pressure reactor that requires recycling of products due to the thermodynamic limitations of chanical conversion. The ammonia oxidation reaction is very fast and takes place over a very small reactor length. Finally, nitric acid synthesis takes place in absorption columns. 

Textile and synthetic fiber industry, fertilizer, paper, and printing industry,... 

Ammonia is the basis for industrial fertilizer production and, therefore, the most important bulk chemical in the world. About one-quarter comes from coal gasification [1]. It is produced by the Haber-Bosch synthesis, which takes place at 90-180 bar and 400-530°C using the following reaction [28] ... 

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