Incorporation of Nanoparticles

Moreover, it was found that incorporation of nanoparticles about 8 nm in diameter in a-Si H led to improved properties, the most important one being enhanced stability against light soaking and thermal annealing [387]. A later study revealed a typical crystallite size of 2-3 nm. with a hexagonal close-packed structure [388]. Diamond structures can also be observed [389]. Hence the name polymorphous silicon is justified. 

It has been reported that the incorporation of nanoparticles such as fullerene and oligosilsesquioxane (POSS) to resist matrix improves the resist performance such as etch resistance and mechanical properties [107]. These resists are called nanocomposite resists. A single-component chemically amplified resist that incorporates not only POSS but also an acid generator into its main chain has been reported [108]. 

The bottom-up techniques described herein are based on the use of nanosize building blocks to fabricate precisely organized solids at various scales. The final architecture of the solid, and the way these blocks combine with each other, can be conveniently adjusted by the synthesis conditions, the selection and modification of these nanoblocks, and their chemical functionality. The spontaneous arrangement of individual nanoblocks is generally obtained via self-assembly through weak interactions. The control over the organization of these components allows for the incorporation of nanoparticles, biomolecules, or chemical functionalities inside the solid structure in highly precise locations. 

Note that the time to ignition is significantly shortened (45 s vs. 75 s). In this particular example, we can note that the incorporation of nanoparticles in intumescent formulations seems to act as char reinforcer and char expander. ... 

Structural modifications of engineered materials are caused by the incorporation of nanoparticles as passive basic building blocks and lead, for example, to superplastic ceramics or extremely hard metals. Functional applications, on the other hand, rely on the transformation of external signals, such as the filtering of light, the change of electrical resistance in different environments, or the occurrence of luminescence when electrically activated (Tab. 11.1). 

Nanoparticles will be incorporated into the membranes to enhance the in-situ generation of hydrogen from e.g. methanol as well as to increase the basic fuel cell reaction. Moreover, the proton conductivity can be improved by the incorporation of nanoparticles. 

Our study shows that solvothermally synthesized CdTe nanoparticles can be easily embedded in MEH-PPV matrix. This work provides an initial path to design a hybrid absorbing layer for solar cells. The incorporation of nanoparticles into polymers requires optimization of blend morphology using solvent mixture to get continuous interpenetrating network. 

Nanocomposites with spherical silica particles (mesosized D = 10 to 80 nm) have been of industrial and academic interest. Large differences in the degree of dispersion in poly-e-caprolactam (PA-6) matrix were reported silica spheres with D= 17nm aggregated, whereas those with D = 80 nm were fully dispersed [Reynaud et al., 2001]. A similar observation was reported by Oberdisse and Boue [2004]. The yield stress versus concentration curves were signiflcantly higher for particles with D < 25 nm than for those with is D = 50 nm. This coincides with the earlier report by Pukanszky [1990] that incorporation of nanoparticles increases the tensile strength only if their diameter is D < 50 nm. 

Tunc and Duman (2011) when the montmorillonite (nanoclays) content in chitosan films increased. Solid particles such as beeswax or montmorillonite probably reduce the diffusivity of the volatile compound because of increasing tortuosity and then delay of the aroma loss by the films. A significant increase of thymol release rate with the increase of the bran concentration was observed by Mastromatteo et al. (2009). So, in this case, incorporation of nanoparticles (spelt bran) had the opposite effect and was unfavorable for volatile compound retention. 

The common preparation methods for the incorporation of nanoparticles into the polymeric membranes can be simplified as follows. First, casting solutions are prepared by dissolving a certain ratio of polymers and nanoparticles in the solvent (Yu et al. 2009b Maximous et al. 2009a Soroko and Livingston 2009 Bae and... 

Incorporation of nanoparticle in the polymer has improved the properties of the polymer significantly and it makes way for using nanocomposites in various engineering applications like military equipment, safety, protective garments, automotive, aerospace, electronics, biotechnology and medical applications [113-126]. In this section the potential application of polymer nanocomposites is discussed and consolidated in Tables 9.20 and 9.21. 

Even if edible films have been extensively studied and applied, study on the incorporation of nanoparticles in order to improve the physical properties of these materials is scanty. The main objective of producing composite films is to improve the barrier or mechanical properties as dictated by the needs of a specific application. There are many reports on the application of blended film made from different variations of edible film [204]. 

Addition of small amount of nanofillers may improve the properties of mbber and thermoplastics. In the polymer industry, polymer-filler nanocomposites are a promising class of material that offers the possibility of developing new hybrid materials with desired set of properties. Properties of mbbers and thermoplastics which have shown substantial improvements due to the incorporation of nanoparticles, are mechanical properties, decreased permeability to gases, water and hydrocarbons, thermal stability and heat distortion temperature, flame retardancy and reduced smoke emissions, chemical resistance, surface appearance, electrical and thermal conductivity, optical clarity in comparison to conventionally filled polymers [107]. 

Also, in order to increase the sensitivity of polymer photorefractives, researchers have also investigated the effects of incorporation of nanoparticles (99,132,133). For example, CdSe quantum dots (99,102,133) have come into favor as sensitizers because of their nanoscale and ability to be made to suit specific applications with wavelength sensitivity. 

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