Incorporating adhesion effects into model

Hartley claims that the effects of ion implantation on wear reduction are due to physical rather than chemical mechanisms . This is probably true for the systems considered in this model. But there are certainly cases where chemical effects are important too, especially in tribological systems, including lubrication. For fluid lubricants it is well known that certain chemical elements improve the adhesion of the lubricating films. These elements may be introduced by ion implantation. This is also possible for high-temperature lubrication where the lubricant is incorporated in the material. Here chemical methods for the production of surface films (oxides, fluorides, sulfides) are common. Ion implantation is an alternative method of incorporating the effective element into the surface region of the material. 

To confirm this conclusion, we incorporate the effects of adhesion into the Ting model using an empirical approach suggested by Falsafi et al. (31) They replaced the load P in equation 8 with an effective load Pgff calculated from JKR theory, i.e.,... 

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