In pain management

The expected outcomes for the patient may include an optimal response to therapy (which includes a decrease in pain), management of common adverse reactions, and an understanding of the therapeutic regimen. 

Two current foci in pain management are to identify the mechanisms that are responsible for pain hypersensitivity and to prevent this initial hypersensitivity. Therefore, the goal of pain therapy is to reduce peripheral sensitization and subsequent central stimulation and amplification associated with wind-up, spread, and central sensitization.17... 

Alternative products to diclofenac include naproxen and mefenamic acid, both of which are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Co-codamol is a mixture of the opioid analgesic codeine and paracetamol and it does not possess the anti-inflammatory component. It may be used in pain management either where NSAIDs are contraindicated or in patients who are intolerant to the effects of NSAIDs. 

Gillis, J. C. and Brogden, R. N. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management, Drugs 1997, 53, 139-188. 

Rupniak, N. M. J.and Hill, R. G. Neurokinin antagonists. In Novel aspects in pain management opioids and beyond, 1999, edited by J. Sawynok and A. Cowan, 135-155, Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Slonimski M, Abram SE, Zuniga RE. Intrathecal baclofen in pain management. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004 29 269-276. 

Aoki KR (2003) Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache 43 Suppl 1 S9-15... 

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